Ruralização da Lutzomyia intermedia, um provável caso de pré-adaptação

A Lutzomyia intermedia há muito vem sendo encontrada em áreas de colonização antiga. Analisando dados de capturas deste flebotomíneo, com diferentes iscas e em diferentes locais, acredita-se que esta espécie está pré-adaptada a ambientes abertos e a se alimentar em mamíferos, entre eles o homem.

Interação flebotomíneos, animais domésticos e dominância de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) em área com alto grau de antropia, no Sul do Brasil

Relatam-se os resultados de coletas de flebotomíneos em área com elevado grau de antropia, no Município de São Jorge do Ivaí, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. A espécie predominante foi Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912). Verificou-se que o número de flebotomíneos diminuiu sensivelmente em duas residências com o deslocamento de uma pocilga, à distância de 100 metros das residências, e a desobstrução do porão de uma das residências.

Variações regionais e interespecíficas na morfologia de insetos do complexo Lutzomyia intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

INTRODUÇÃO: Lutzomyia intermedia s. s. e L. neivai, usualmente consideradas como pertencentes a uma só espécie, constituem um complexo de espécies. Foram analisadas as medidas de várias estruturas de exemplares das duas espécies, provenientes do Brasil, Paraguai, Argentina e Bolívia. MÉTODO: Foram medidas 39 estruturas em exemplares de ambos os sexos, com ocular graduada, fazendo-se comparações por análise de variância (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Constatou-se desvio significativo nas proporções de fêmeas e de machos com cada fórmula palpal e influência da região de origem dos insetos. O labro e os palpos maxilares foram mais longos nas fêmeas e o antenômero III mais longo nos machos. Foram constatadas várias diferenças entre medidas das asas, quase todas maiores nas fêmeas. A proporção de espermatecas com cabeça simples em L. neivai é significativamente maior que em L. intermedia. Também foram observadas diferenças significativas nos comprimentos das bombas e dos dutos ejaculadores entre as espécies. DISCUSSÃO: As variações nas fórmulas palpais ressaltam o risco do uso desta fórmula para a associação entre exemplares de ambos os sexos. As diferenças nos comprimentos dos palpos e no labro podem estar ligadas à hematofagia das fêmeas. Comenta-se sobre as possíveis implicações da maior relação comprimento/largura das asas em machos. As diferenças nas proporções de fêmeas das duas espécies com os diferentes tipos de cabeça de espermatecas podem auxiliar na identificação específica. As diferenças nos comprimentos das bombas e dos dutos ejaculadores e nas relações entre estes comprimentos podem auxiliar na identificação dos machos, ainda difícil.

Serological analysis reveals circulation of influenza C viruses, Brazil

The circulation of influenza C viruses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was studied when significant levels of antibodies were detected (56.7%) with hemagglutination inhibition test, used as a standard methodology for influenza virus studies.

Circulation of Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, Ilhéus, Maguari and Tacaiuma viruses in equines of the Brazilian Pantanal, South America

Neutralizing antibodies to EEE (6.7%), WEE (1.2%), ILH (26.6%), MAG (28.2%) and TCM (15.7%) viruses were found in sera of 432 equines of the Brazilian Pantanal, area where undiagnosed horse deaths are frequently observed. A 4-fold rise in CF titer to EEE virus was detected in acute and convalescent sera of an encephalitis horse sacrified in 1992. Antibodies to EEE, ILH, MAG and TCM viruses were detected in horses less than 2 years old indicating recent circulation of these viruses in the Pantanal. The evidence of recent equine encephalitis associated with rising CF titer to EEE warrants a more intensive study with attempts to isolate virus from horses with clinical manifestations of encephalitis.

Circulation of antibodies against yellow fever virus in a simian population in the area of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant, São Paulo, Brazil

Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes which occurs in two distinct epidemiological cycles: sylvatic and urban. In the sylvatic cycle, the virus is maintained by monkey's infection and transovarian transmission in vectors. Surveillance of non-human primates is required for the detection of viral circulation during epizootics, and for the identification of unaffected or transition areas. An ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was standardized for estimation of the prevalence of IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus in monkey sera (Alouatta caraya) from the reservoir area of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 570 monkey sera samples were tested and none was reactive to antibodies against yellow fever virus. The results corroborate the epidemiology of yellow fever in the area. Even though it is considered a transition area, there were no reports to date of epizootics or yellow fever outbreaks in humans. Also, entomological investigations did not detect the presence of vectors of this arbovirus infection. ELISA proved to be fast, sensitive, an adequate assay, and an instrument for active search in the epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever allowing the implementation of prevention actions, even before the occurrence of epizootics.

Circulation of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in women from Córdoba, Argentina, with squamous intraepithelial lesions

Human papillomavirus (HPV) can induce a wide spectrum of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of varying severity. The aim of the present study was to establish the frequency of HPV infection and identify the genotypes circulating in women from Córdoba, Argentina, in relation to age and cytology. A total of 186 women, between 18 and 65 years old, with antecedents of SIL, underwent a pelvic examination and had cervical cells collected for cytology and HPV DNA detection. Ninety-six samples (51.6%) were positive for HPV detection, and sixty-three (65.6%) of them showed the presence of at least one HR-HPV. Low- and high-grade SIL showed significant association in patients younger than 35 years of age. We found 18 different genotypes, with a greater presence of HR-HPV. Genotypes 16 and 6 were the most frequent. Seven (7.3%) multiple infections, 85.7% of which had at least one HR-HPV, were detected. The detection of a large number of different HPV genotypes is a warning sign. It is thus necessary to strengthen the monitoring of the circulation of high-risk genotypes, currently less prevalent in intraepithelial lesions, as a control measure for the possible impact of the implementation of vaccines against genotypes 16 and 18.

Distribuição geográfica de flebotomíneos do complexo Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae)

A distribuição geográfica de flebotomíneos pertencentes a Lutzomyia intermedia s.l. é mostrada, baseada em coletas destes insetos para o presente estudo e em informações da bibliografia e de informações pessoais. O assunto é discutido, em relação ao clima e à altitude e latitude. Lutzomyia intermedia s.s. foi encontrada em latitudes e altitudes menores que Lutzomyia neivai, indicando melhor adaptação desta a climas mais frios e secos.

Estudo da competência vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) para Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Vianna, 1911

Estudou-se a competência vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia (Diptera: Psychodidae) do Vale do Ribeira (SP) para estirpes de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), mediante pesquisa de infectividade natural; exposições de fêmeas silvestres e colonizadas (F1) às lesões de hamsters experimentalmente infectados e testes de transmissão via picada. A infectividade natural e os testes de transmissão revelaram-se negativos e, nas exposições, foram obtidas positividades de 74% (123+/166 dissecados) e 70% (115+/164 dissecados) para fêmeas silvestres e colonizadas respectivamente, e o desenvolvimento das formas evolutivas compatíveis com o modelo Peripilaria. A suscetibilidade às estirpes testadas associada aos indicadores epidemiológicos concorrem para a suspeita do papel vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia na região estudada.

Circulation of the rabies virus in non-hematophagous bats in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during 2001-2010

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is one of the most known lethal zoonosis, responsible for 55,000 human deaths per year. It is transmitted to humans mainly by the bite of domestic or wild animals infected with the virus. This paper shows the circulation of this virus in non-hematophagous bats in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: A survey was performed on the number of bats that had been sent for diagnosis by the Seção de Virologia of the Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman and were positive for rabies. The positive animals were identified, and the isolated viruses were sent for antigenic typification with indirect immunofluorescence. The results were compared with the antigenic panel of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: During 2001-2010, the laboratory received 555 non-hematophagous bats for rabies diagnosis, with 198 (35.7%) from Rio de Janeiro City. A total of 11 (5.5%) animals were positive for this disease. Antigenic typification revealed the predominance of variant 3 in 9 (81.8%) of the isolated viruses; 1 virus was classified as variant 4 and 1 variant was identified that segregated with the viruses in insectivorous bats. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in this study showed the presence of the rabies virus in synanthropic populations of non-hematophagous bats in the City of Rio de Janeiro. The circulation of this agent in these animals represents a serious risk to human and animal health and requires attention and control measures by the authorities.

Simultaneous circulation of all four dengue serotypes in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in 2011

INTRODUCTION: Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazon with nearly 2 million inhabitants, is located in the middle of the Amazon rain forest and has suffered dengue outbreaks since 1998. METHODS: In this study, blood samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aimed at identifying dengue virus serotypes. RESULTS: Acute phase sera from 432 patients were tested for the presence of dengue virus. Out of the 432 patients, 137 (31.3%) were found to be positive. All the four dengue virus serotypes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous circulation of the four dengue serotypes is described for the first time in Manaus and in Brazil.

Bilateral posterior circulation stroke secondary to a crotalid envenomation: case report

Snake bite envenoming is a disease with potential serious neurological complications. We report a case of an adolescent who was bitten by a rattlesnake and developed bilateral posterior circulation stroke. The rattlesnake was later identified as being Crotalus durissus terrificus. Stroke was probably due to toxic vasculitis or toxin-induced vascular spasm and endothelial damage.

Blood feeding patterns of Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai (Diptera, Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area of the Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Introduction The aim of this study was to identify the blood feeding sources of Nyssomyia intermedia (Ny. intermedia) and Nyssomyia neivai (Ny. neivai), which are Leishmania vectors and the predominant sandfly species in the Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil, an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods Specimens were captured monthly between February 2001 and December 2003 on a smallholding and a small farm situated in the Serra district in the Iporanga municipality. The blood meals of 988 engorged females were tested using the avidin-biotin immunoenzymatic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seven blood meal sources were investigated: human, dog, chicken, bovine, pig, horse and rat. Results The results showed that among the females that fed on one or more blood sources, the respective percentages for Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, respectively, were as follows: human (23% and 36.8%), pig (47.4% and 26.4%), chicken (25.7% and 36.8%) and dog (3.9% and 0%), and the differences in the blood sources between the two species were statistically significant (p = 0.043). Conclusions Both species had predominant reactivity for one or two blood sources, and few showed reactivity indicating three or four sources. Many different combinations were observed among the females that showed reactivity for more than one source, which indicated their opportunistic habits and eclecticism regarding anthropic environmental conditions.