Towards a unified theory of health-disease: II. Holopathogenesis

This article presents a systematic framework for modeling several classes of illness-sickness-disease named as Holopathogenesis. Holopathogenesis is defined as processes of over-determination of diseases and related conditions taken as a whole, comprising selected facets of the complex object Health. First, a conceptual background of Holopathogenesis is presented as a series of significant interfaces (biomolecular-immunological, physiopathological-clinical, epidemiological-ecosocial). Second, propositions derived from Holopathogenesis are introduced in order to allow drawing the disease-illness-sickness complex as a hierarchical network of networks. Third, a formalization of intra- and inter-level correspondences, over-determination processes, effects and links of Holopathogenesis models is proposed. Finally, the Holopathogenesis frame is evaluated as a comprehensive theoretical pathology taken as a preliminary step towards a unified theory of health-disease.

Contextual and individual indicators associated with the presence of teeth in adults

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze whether socioeconomic conditions and the period of availability of fluoridated water are associated with the number of teeth present.METHODSThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,720 adults between 20 and 59 years of age who resided in Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, in 2009. The outcome investigated was the self-reported number of teeth present. The individual independent variables included gender, age range, skin color, number of years of schooling, and per capita household income. The duration of residence was used as a control variable. The contextual exposures included the period of availability of fluoridated water to the households and the socioeconomic variable for the census tracts, which was created from factor analysis of the tract’s mean income, education level, and percentage of households with treated water. Multilevel logistic regression was performed and inter-level interactions were tested.RESULTS Residents in intermediate and poorer areas and those with fluoridated water available for less time exhibited the presence of fewer teeth compared with those in better socioeconomic conditions and who had fluoridated water available for a longer period (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01;1.02). There was an association between the period of availability of fluoridated water, per capita household income and number of years of education. The proportion of individuals in the poorer and less-educated stratum, which had fewer teeth present, was higher in regions where fluoridated water had been available for less time.CONCLUSIONS Poor socioeconomic conditions and a shorter period of availability of fluoridated water were associated with the probability of having fewer teeth in adulthood. Public policies aimed at reducing socioeconomic inequalities and increasing access to health services such as fluoridation of the water supply may help to reduce tooth loss in the future.

Inter and intra-guild interactions in egg parasitoid species of the soybean stink bug complex

The objective of this research was to evaluate the parasitism behavior of Telenomus podisi Ashmead, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Trissolcus urichi Crawford (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on eggs of Nezara viridula L., Euschistus heros F., Piezodorus guildinii Westwood and Acrosternum aseadum Rolston (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), in no choice and multiple choice experiments. For all parasitoid species, the results demonstrated the existence of a main host species that maximizes the reproductive success. The competitive interactions among the parasitoid species were investigated in experiments of sequential and simultaneous release of different combinations of parasitoid pairs on the hosts N. viridula, E. heros and A. aseadum. Exploitative competition was observed for egg batches at the genus level (Telenomus vs. Trissolcus) and interference competition at the species level (T. basalis vs. T. urichi). Trissolcus urichi was the most aggressive species, interfering with the parasitism of T. basalis. Generally, T. basalis showed an opportunistic behavior trying to parasitise eggs after T. urichi had abandoned the egg batch. The selection of parasitoid species for use in augmentative biological control programs should take into account the diversity of pentatomids present in soybean in addition to the interactions among the different species of parasitoids.

Inter-annual variations in the floristic and population structure of an herbaceous community of "caatinga" vegetation in Pernambuco, Brazil

The influence of climatic variations on the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation was examined in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 105 1 × 1 m-plots were established, of which 35 were in a level micro-habitat, 35 in a riparian micro-habitat, and 35 in a stony microhabitat. During two consecutive years all herbaceous plants in these plots were counted, measured (height and diameter), and collected for identification. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the equitability were calculated for each year, as well as the density, frequency, dominance, total basal area and importance index for each species. The total annual pluviometric was 819.5 and 448.8 mm in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The herbaceous flora in the study area was composed of 71 species, of which 58 were sampled in the plots. The families with the greatest species richness were Malvaceae (8 species), Euphorbiaceae (7), Poaceae (6), Convolvulaceae (4), Fabaceae (4), and Portulacaceae (4). The diversity indices were 2.66 and 3.01 nats ind-1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The density, frequency, dominance and importance value of herbaceous populations, as well as, the height and diameter of plants were low in the dryer year. The riparian group was the most isolated of the microhabitats examined, both in terms of its floristic and its population structure. Annual seasonal climatic variations greatly modified these populations structure during the course of this study, emphasizing the fact that long-term studies are needed in order to better understand the dynamics of the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation.

O peso das relações inter-regionais com a União Européia em relação a outras alternativas de política externa do Mercosul

No artigo examina-se a importância das relações inter-regionais entre o Mercosul e a União Européia, em particular em relação a outras alternativas de política externa.

Multi-level governance and social cohesion in the European Union: the assessment of local agents, a study case inside Galicia

Implementing multi-level governance has been a key priority in EU cohesion policy. This study assesses the perceived achievements and shortcomings in implementing European Social Fund by analyzing the deficits and weaknesses as well as the poor participation of local agents who are in direct contact with the beneficiaries in order to design and implement this fund, which is the main financial instrument of EU social policy.

Pope Francis and the challenges of inter-civilization diplomacy

Abstract This article addresses the role of Pope Francis in the interfaith and inter-civilization dialogue of the Holy See. Specifically, it analyses the main aspects of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Russia, China, Islamic countries and Israel, and provides perspectives on the inter-civilization diplomacy of the Holy See during the current pontificate.

Inter-relações de nitrogênio e fósforo na capacidade de combinação e na seleção em milho

Tem sido observada, em milho, a redução da absorção de nitrogênio (N), por causa da deficiência de fósforo (P), mas o efeito dessa combinação na seleção de genitores ainda precisa de estudos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos das inter-relações de P e N na capacidade de combinação e seleção de genitores de milho. As 28 combinações híbridas (CH), obtidas de um dialelo completo entre oito genótipos de milho e três testemunhas, foram avaliadas em quatro ambientes, obtidos pelas combinações de alta e baixa disponibilidade de P e N. Avaliaram-se o rendimento de grãos (RG) e as características secundárias: altura de plantas (AP) e espigas (AE), índice de colheita (IC), peso volumétrico (PV), prolificidade (PRL) e massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA). O efeito do estresse de N no RG foi similar em baixo e alto P. O genótipo P3041 apresentou alto RG em todos os ambientes. As correlações genéticas das características secundárias com o RG foram afetadas pelos ambientes. Em alto P, a capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) foi significativa para RG apenas em alto N. Em baixo P, a CGC apresentou significância em ambos os níveis de N. Os genótipos AG1051 e P3041 tiveram estimativas positivas de CGC em todos os ambientes. Conclui-se que, para o rendimento de grãos, a CGC somente não é importante em alto P e baixo N e a CEC não é importante em estresse de P ou N.

Damage level of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari: tetranychidae) in soybeans

Among phytophagous spider mites, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 is one of the most important agricultural pests, not only because of the damage it causes, but also because it has a wide host range, infesting many commercial crops such as leafy greens, cotton, beans, and soybeans, among others. This study was carried out in a greenhouse of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (FCA) of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), located in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of 5 levels in percentage of chlorotic symptoms (indicating mite damage): 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. All of the characteristics evaluated, except for number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the total weight (productivity), and the weight of 1000 seeds, were significantly influenced by the different levels of chlorotic symptoms. The economic damage level for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, according to the equation y = 66.63-0.51 x, based on the price of US$ 11.00 per bag of soybeans and a control cost of US$ 16.00, would be 15.80% chlorotic symptoms. At a price of US$ 29.00 per bag with the same control cost, the economic damage level would be 13% of chlorotic symptoms.

Prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs and owners' level of awareness - a prospective clinical trial

Periodontal disease (PD) is widely known among veterinarians for its high prevalence and serious consequences to the dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of PD in dogs that live in the micro-region of Viçosa, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa (HVT - Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa), as well as to assess how aware of this disease dog owners are. In order to do so, all dogs treated at the HVT from March 10th, 2009 to November 30th, 2009, on alternate days, had their oral cavities examined. Medical history data, such as age, type of food, main complaint and owner consent, halitosis, presence of dental calculus, inflammation and gingival recession and tooth loss, were collected. A prevalence of 88.67% was found for PD in dogs referred to the HVT, and 2.67% were referred due to this disease. Of all the owners who participated in the study, 43.83% knew about periodontal disease and of these 17.46% made use of some type of prevention or treatment. Therefore, periodontal disease is highly prevalent and the owners are not aware of the disease. Thus, a dog owner clarification program on periodontal disease is needed in the area where HVT-UFV operates.

Inter-relações da produtividade de cana soca com a resistência à penetração, umidade e matéria orgânica do solo

A cultura da cana-de-açúcar desempenha, sobretudo no aspecto relacionado às fontes energéticas alternativas, importantíssimo papel. No ano de 2009, no município de Suzanápolis (SP), cujas coordenadas são 20º 28' 10'' S e 50º 49' 20'' W, no cerrado brasileiro foi analisada a produtividade da cana soca (2º ciclo) em razão da resistência à penetração, umidade gravimétrica e matéria orgânica de um Argissolo Vermelho eutrófico. O objetivo foi selecionar, entre os atributos pesquisados, aquele com a melhor correlação, a linear e a espacial, para explicar a variabilidade da produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística para a coleta de dados do solo e da planta, com 120 pontos amostrais, numa área de 14,53 ha. A matéria orgânica correlaciona-se linear e negativamente com a resistência à penetração, indicando que manejos do solo que visem seu aumento no perfil melhoram suas condições físicas e, por conseguinte, o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. A umidade gravimétrica (UG) e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MO) correlacionam-se direta, linear (UG2 e MO1) e espacialmente (UG1 e MO1) com a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, demonstrando serem os melhores atributos, dentre os pesquisados, para estimar e aumentar a produtividade agrícola da cana-de-açúcar.

A inter-relação trabalho-saúde mental: um estudo de caso

A autora, após sintetizar algumas das vertentes de estudo e conceitos atuais na temática da inter-relação trabalho-saúde mental, apresenta um estudo de caso individual. Trata-se do caso de um mecânico industrial do setor siderúrgico que desenvolveu um quadro psicopatol6gico. A evolução de manifestações de fadiga crônica e desencadeamento de uma crise mental aguda são examinadas em suas correlações ao hist6rico de vida e trabalho e a dinâmicas referidas às condições e à organização do trabalho no emprego atual.

An optimal level of technology reliance on foreign partners in a global sourcing partnership: components procurement, technology management and market performance

Existing studies on global sourcing strategy have implicitly adopted a cJosed-systems perspective in which sourcing activities are managed within a multinational company across national boundaries. Produd and process innovations and components procurement that are jointly managed by a consortium of cooperating firms have not been examined. In this paper, we empiricallyexamine the issues concerning sourcing partnerships in an open-systems perspective. Findings suggest that even in a sourcing partnership arrangement with a foreign supplier, the principal firm's ability to procure and control the supply of major components has a positive bearing on its market performance.

Os eventos vitais: aspectos de seus registros e inter-relação da legislação vigente com as estatísticas de saúde

Foram estudados os registros civis desde as suas origens, salientando aspectos legislativos do Brasil, chamando a atenção para algumas implicações que a legislação a eles referente trazem às estatísticas vitais e suas repercussões em planejamento de saúde e epidemiologia. Relativamente ao nascimento foram abordados alguns tópicos, com ênfase no problema do registro por local de ocorrência, fato que influe enormemente em programações de saúde materno-infantil. Foram salientados também alguns aspectos do sub-registro de nascimento, citando dados para São Paulo. Quanto aos óbitos foram analisados o registro por local de ocorrência, o prazo para registro, o problema das causas de morte e o relativo ao sub-registro. Com referência aos nascidos mortos, foi apresentada a conceituação de nascido vivo e nascido morto da Organização Mundial da Saúde e indicado o fato de sua não aplicação prática repercutir nos campos do Direito e da Estatística Vital. Foram feitas algumas recomendações no sentido de um maior entrosamento entre os vários profissionais - legisladores, médicos, oficiais de cartório, estaticistas de saúde - que, de uma maneira ou de outra, têm relação com os eventos vitais.