HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME (HPS) IN GUARIBA, SP, BRAZIL: REPORT OF 2 CASES

Human infections caused by a hantavirus were reported in different regions of the State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil during the first six months of 1998. Two cases of fatal pulmonary syndrome occurred in May of 1998 in the City of Guariba, located in the Northeastern Region of SP. Both patients worked in a corn storage barn infested by rodents. These patients, after 2 or 3 days of non-specific febrile illness, developed a severe interstitial pneumonia spreading widely in both lungs, causing respiratory failure and death. At autopsy both patients showed lung interstitial edema with immunoblast-like mononuclear cell infiltrates, consistent with a viral etiology. Hantavirus infection was diagnosed by ELISA in both cases and by RT-PCR in one of the patients. Aspects of the clinical presentation, physiopathology and differential diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome are discussed.

Fowl adenovirus Group I as a causal agent of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome (IBH/HPS) outbreak in brazilian broiler flocks

Commercial broiler flocks from a farm located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, presented diarrhea, depression, increased mortality and poor weight gain. Upon post-mortem examination, classical signs of Inclusion Body Hepatitis/Hydropericardium Syndrome (IBH/HPS) were observed, including enlarged pale yellow-colored livers and straw-colored liquid in the pericardial sac. In addition, gross lesions were also observed in the kidneys, pancreas, thymus, intestines and gallbladder. Samples of these organs were analyzed by PCR for the detection of the hexon gene of the Fowl Adenovirus (FAdVs) Group I. The results were positive for both flocks (A and B) assayed by PCR. The macroscopic lesions associated with the detection of FAdV Group I by PCR in several of these affected organs allowed for the identification of IBH/HPS. In fact, this is the first report in Brazil of IBH/HPS in broilers, which identifies FAdVs group I as a causal agent of the disease. These findings may contribute to the worldwide epidemiology of the adenovirus-mediated hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome.

HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME IN THE PROVINCE OF RIO NEGRO, ARGENTINA, 1993-1996

Early in 1995 the first case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome was serologically confirmed in El Bolsón (Province of Río Negro, Argentina), corresponding to the third outbreak reported in Argentina. A total of 26 cases of HPS related to the Andean region of Rio Negro Province, were reported from 1993 to 1996, 17 in El Bolsón, 4 in San Carlos de Bariloche, and 5 in Buenos Aires. The incidence rate was 5.03 x 100000 with a mortality rate of 51.85 x 100. The occurrence of cases was mainly seasonal, with a significantly greater number in the spring, and the persons affected mainly lived in urban or periurban areas. In four cases, the affected individuals were members of a couple, spouses or live-in contacts. Seven cases were Health workers (physicians, nurses or administrative staff). Twelve cases were related among them, due to an outbreak of 80 days. Two of them did not visit the Andean region. A total of 139 rodents were captured and seven of them, Olygoryzomys longicaudatus, were found to be serologically positive. The possibility of infection by contact with rodents or fecal matter is being analyzed and also hypothesis related with interhuman transmission

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Brazil: clinical aspects of three new cases

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been recognized recently in Brazil, where 28 cases have been reported as of September 1999. We report here the clinical and laboratory findings of three cases whose diagnoses were confirmed serologically. All the patients were adults who presented a febrile illness with respiratory symptoms that progressed to respiratory failure that required artificial ventilation in two of them. Laboratory findings were most of the time consistent with those reported in the United States in patients infected with the Sin Nombre virus, and included elevated hematocrit and thrombocytopenia; presence of atypical lymphocytes was observed in one patient. The chest radiological findings observed in all the patients were bilateral, diffuse, reticulonodular infiltrates. Two patients died. Histopathological examination of the lungs of these patients revealed interstitial and alveolar edema, alveolar hemorrhage, and mild interstitial pneumonia characterized by infiltrate of immunoblasts and mononuclear cells. In the epidemiologic investigation of one of the cases, serologic (ELISA) tests were positive in 3 (25%) out of 12 individuals who shared the same environmental exposure. HPS should be included in the differential diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory failure.

Ten years of a hantavirus disease emergency in the Federal District, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus diseases are emerging human diseases caused by Hantavirus spp. of the Bunnyaviridae family. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been detected in the Federal District (DF) of Brazil since 2004. Among the 27 Brazilian Federal Units, DF has the highest fatality rate. More than 10 years have already passed since then, with confirmation of cases caused by the Araraquara and Paranoa species. The reservoir is Necromys lasiurus. METHODS: Local surveillance data of the confirmed cases were analyzed, including age, sex, month and year of occurrence, clinical symptoms, syndromes and outcomes, and probable transmission place (PTP). The cases were mainly confirmed by IgM detection with a capture enzyme immunoassay. The cases were classified as autochthonous if PTPs were in the DF area. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2013, in the DF, 126 cases of hantavirus were confirmed, and the cumulative incidence was 5.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. The occurrence of cases was predominantly from April to August. At least 75% of the cases were autochthonous. Acute respiratory failure was reported in 47.5% of cases, and the fatality rate was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: In the DF, the cumulative incidence of HPS was one of the highest worldwide. A seasonal pattern of hantavirus disease in the dry season is clear. There was a high frequency of severe clinical signals and symptoms as well as a high fatality rate. For the near future, visitors and inhabitants of DF rural areas, particularly male adults, should receive continuous education about hantavirus transmission and prevention.

Ocorrência de aflatoxina em amendoim, no estado de São Paulo, durante os anos de 1988 e 1989

Este trabalho teve o escopo de dar a público os resultados das análises efetuadas num total de 625 amostras de amendoim descascado, na sua maioria HPS ("hand pick selected"), durante os anos de 1988 (517) e 1989 (108). Considerando que a legislação brasileira permite um máximo de 30 /¼g/kg, somadas as aflatoxinas B1 e G1, os resultados mostraram que em 1988, 52% das amostras (correspondentes a lotes), estavam contaminadas e em 1989, 34%. Os níveis médios de aflatoxina nas amostras contaminadas foram de 13 3,8 ¼g/kg em 1988 e 414,8 ¼g/kg em 1989, que podem ser considerados elevados. O contingente de lotes utilizáveis pela indústria foi de 67% em 1988 e 76% em 1989 (correspondentes às amostras com níveis não detectáveis e abaixo de 30 ¼g/kg).

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

This report describes the epidemiological and clinical-evolutive characteristics of eight patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A positive history of contact with rodents was present in 100% of the cases. The time between the onset of symptoms and hospital care was, on average, 3.6 days. All patients showed clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of HPS. Elevated urea and creatinine levels were observed in 6 (75%) cases, PO2 was < 60 mmHg in 100% of the cases, and a chest X-ray demonstrated a bilateral interstitial-alveolar infiltrate. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of IgM antibodies against Sin Nombre virus by ELISA. Three patients died as a direct consequence of HPS.

Prevalence of infection with hantavirus in rodent populations of central Argentina

We studied hantavirus seroprevalence and virus variability in rodent populations in Diego Gaynor, northwest of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Rodent samplings were conducted in railroads and cropfield borders in March and July 1999, September and December 2000, and March 2001. Antibody detection was performed by an enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using the recombinant nucleoprotein of Andes (AND) virus as antigen. Tissue samples were taken from positive antibody individuals in order to confirm the presence of hantavirus genomic material and to identify virus genotypes. Akodon azarae was the most abundant species, followed by Oligoryzomys flavescens, while Calomys laucha and C. musculinus were rarely caught. We found a rate of seroprevalence of 9.3% for a total sample of 291 A. azarae and 13.5% for 37 O. flavescens. After molecular analyses of hantavirus, we confirmed the presence of hantavirus genomic material in 16 individuals with ELISA (+) results and two individuals with ELISA (-). Four amplimers for each species were sequenced and compared to the corresponding sequences of representative hantaviruses. We identified the AND Cent Lec from three O. flavescens, and the Pergamino virus from four A. azarae and from one O. flavescens. A. azarae males had higher seroprevalence than females, and heavier individuals showed higher seroprevalence than lighter ones. We did not find seroprevalence differences according to sex in O. flavescens, although this result may have been produced by the low sample size. The lowest seroprevalence was found in a period of high rodent density, when juveniles prevailed in the population. We found higher seroprevalences than those detected in previous studies for other localities of central Argentina where cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) have been reported. The presence of AND Cent Lec virus in rodent populations of the study area, which is responsible of HPS cases in central Argentina, suggests that human populations are at risk of HPS disease, although there were not reported cases of this disease until today.

Study of hantavirus infection in captive breed colonies of wild rodents

Wild sigmondontine rodents are known to be the reservoir of several serotypes of New World hantaviruses. The mechanism of viral transmission is by aerosol inhalation of the excreta from infected rodents. Considering that the captive breed colonies of various wild mammals may present a potencial risk for hantaviral transmission, we examined 85 speciemens of Thrichomys spp. (Echimyidae) and 17 speciemens of Nectomys squamipes (Sigmodontinae) from our colony for the presence of hantavirus infections. Blood samples were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Andes nucleocapsid antigen using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, serum samples from workers previously exposed to wild rodents, in the laboratories where the study was conducted, were also tested by ELISA to investigate prevalence of anti-hantavirus IgG antibodies. All blood samples were negative for hantavirus antibodies. Although these results suggest that those rodent's colonies are hantavirus free, the work emphasizes the need for hantavirus serological monitoring in wild colonized rodents and secure handling potentially infected rodents as important biosafety measures.

Circulation of hantaviruses in the influence area of the Cuiabá-Santarém Highway

We describe evidence of circulation of hantaviruses in the influence area of the Santarém-Cuiabá Highway (BR-163) in the Brazilian Amazon through the prevalence of specific antibodies against hantaviruses in inhabitants living in four municipalities of this area: Novo Progresso (2.16%) and Trairão (4.37%), in state of Pará (PA), and Gua-rantã do Norte (4.74%) and Marcelândia (9.43%), in state of Mato Grosso. We also demonstrate the ongoing association between Castelo dos Sonhos virus (CASV) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in the Castelo dos Sonhos district (municipality of Altamira, PA) and the first report of CASV in the municipalities of Novo Progresso and Guarantã do Norte. The results of this work highlight the risk for a possible increase in the number of HPS cases and the emergence of new hantavirus lineages associated with deforestation in this Amazonian area after the conclusion of paving works on BR-163 Highway.

Resistência à compactação de um Latossolo cultivado com cafeeiro, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas invasoras

O conhecimento dos níveis de pressão que podem ser aplicados aos solos submetidos a diferentes sistemas de manejo das plantas invasoras é essencial para adaptar o manejo de lavouras cafeeiras de forma sustentável. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a influência dos diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas invasoras sobre a resistência à compactação em três camadas de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA), utilizando modelos de capacidade de suporte de carga (CSC). O estudo foi realizado na fazenda da Epamig, no município de Patrocínio-MG, em uma lavoura cafeeira implantada em fevereiro de 1999, com a cultivar Rubi 1192 no espaçamento de 3,8 x 0,7 m. Foram avaliados os efeitos de quatro sistemas de manejo de plantas invasoras: sem capina (SC); capina manual (CM); herbicida de pós-emergência (HPÓS) (glyphosate); e herbicida de pré-emergência (HPRÉ) (oxyfluofen). Em cada sistema de manejo, foram coletadas 15 amostras indeformadas, em julho de 2004, no centro das entrelinhas, nas camadas de 0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm, totalizando 180 amostras. As amostras indeformadas foram equilibradas em diferentes umidades e submetidas ao ensaio de compressão uniaxial, para obtenção dos modelos de CSC. Os resultados sugerem que, de maneira geral, a resistência à compactação avaliada através da CSC decresce no centro da entrelinha na seguinte ordem: HPRÉ na camada de 0-3 cm > CM na camada de 10-13 cm > SC nas camadas de 0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm = HPÓS nas camadas de 0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm = CM nas camadas de 0-3 e 25-28 cm = HPRÉ na camada de 10-13 cm > HPRÉ na camada de 25-28 cm. A camada que se mostrou mais suscetível à compactação foi a de 25-28 cm, do sistema de manejo HPRÉ, e a mais resistente foi a camada de 0-3 cm do sistema de manejo HPRÉ. Os sistemas de manejo SC e HPÓS nas camadas de 0-3, 10-13 e 25-28 cm, CM nas camadas de 0-3 e 25-28 cm e HPRÉ na camada de 10-13 cm apresentaram a mesma resistência à compactação.

Do general chemistry textbooks facilitate conceptual understanding?

Research in chemistry education has recognized the need for facilitating students' understanding of different concepts. In contrast, most general chemistry curricula and textbooks not only ignore the context in which science progresses but also emphasize rote learning and algorithmic strategies. A historical reconstruction of scientific progress shows that it inevitably leads to controversy and debate, which can arouse students' interest and thus facilitate understanding. The objective of this article is to review research related to the evaluation of general chemistry textbooks (based on history and philosophy of science, HPS) and suggest alternatives that can facilitate conceptual understanding.

Análise dos fatores preditivos de complicações após trauma hepático penetrante

Com o objetivo de analisar, na amostra, fatores que influenciaram a morbidade pós-operatória após trauma hepático penetrante, realizou-se um estudo prospectivo com 61 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia por trauma hepático penetrante no Hospital de Pronto Socorro (HPS) durante 12 meses. Foram excluídos os óbitos ocorridos nas primeiras 24 horas após o trauma. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: idade, mecanismo de trauma, choque, grau de lesão hepática, lesões intra- abdominais associadas, técnica cirúrgica e drenagem peri-hepática. Utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística múltipla para avaliar a correlação entre esses fatores e a ocorrência de complicações pós-operatórias. A média de idade foi de 26± 3,49 anos, variando entre 17 e 63 anos. Trauma por arma de fogo ocorreu em 34 casos (55,7%) e por arma branca em 27 (44,3%). O choque esteve presente em 37 casos (60,7%). As lesões hepáticas de grau II e III (42,6% e 41 %) foram as mais comuns, e as lesões intra-abdominais associadas mais freqüentes foram de estômago (18 casos - 29,5% ) e cólon (nove casos - 14,7% ). O ATI médio foi 20,5 ±17. As complicações pós-operatórias mais comuns foram broncopneumonia (dez casos - 25%) e abscesso intra-abdominal (seis casos - 9,8%). Houve dois óbitos na série. Foram fatores preditivos de complicações, nessa amostra, o choque, os ferimentos por projetis de arma de fogo e a complexidade da cirurgia hepática.

Critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency room in 10 years

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical analysis of thoracotomies performed in the emergency rooms.METHODS: We analyzed mortality rates and survival as outcome variables, mechanism of injury, site of injury and anatomic injury as clinical variables, and gender and age as demographic variables of patients undergoing thoracotomy in the emergency room after traumatic injury.RESULTS: Of the 105 patients, 89.5% were male. The average age was 29.2 years. Penetrating trauma accounted for 81% of cases. The most common mechanism of trauma was wound by a firearm projectile (gunshot), in 64.7% of cases. Patients with stab wounds (SW) accounted for 16.2% of cases. Overall survival was 4.7%. Survival by gunshot was 1.4%, and by SW, 23.5%. The ERT following blunt trauma showed a 100%mortality.CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the Emergency Hospital of Porto Alegre POA-HPS are similar to those reported in the world literature.

Situação do hiperparatireoidismo secundário autônomo no Brasil: dados do censo brasileiro de paratireoidectomia

INTRODUÇÃO: O hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPS) é uma complicação comum e grave no curso da doença renal crônica (DRC), com impacto direto sobre a morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento clínico do HPS a falência terapêutica ocorre em parcela significativa dos pacientes. Nesses casos, a paratireoidectomia (PTx) é indicada. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho visa abordar a situação atual no Brasil de pacientes com HPS em hemodiálise com indicação de PTx. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo, com dados obtidos de questionário enviado a 660 centros de diálise (CD). RESULTADOS: Os resultados estão expressos em valores absolutos, médias e desvio padrão; 226 (34%) CD responderam ao questionário, representando 32.264 pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). A prevalência de pacientes com paratormônio (PTH) > 1.000pg/mL foi de 3.463 (10,7%). Em 49 (21,7%) CD não é possível encaminhar os pacientes para PTx. Cerca de 40% dos serviços que realizam PTx são ligados a centros universitários. Em 74 (33%) CD o tempo de espera para que um paciente seja operado é superior a 6 meses. Foram contabilizados 68 serviços que realizam PTx. Os principais problemas relacionados para a realização de PTx foram: dificuldades com a realização dos exames pré-operatórios, escassez de cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, e longa fila de espera. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência de HPS grave é elevada em nosso meio. Uma parcela significativa de pacientes não tem acesso ao tratamento cirúrgico. Uma melhor organização das políticas de saúde pública, além de um maior entrosamento entre nefrologistas e cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, em torno dessa questão, são necessários para a mudança dessa realidade.