Uso do radar penetrante no solo (GPR) na investigação dos solos dos tabuleiros costeiros no litoral norte do estado da Bahia

Foram estudados nove perfis ao longo de uma toposseqüência sobre os sedimentos do Grupo Barreiras, na Fazenda Rio Negro, município de Entre Rios (BA), utilizando a prospecção eletromagnética por meio do Radar Penetrante no Solo - "Ground-penetrating radar - GPR", objetivando analisar a utilização dessa ferramenta na aquisição de informações sobre as feições que ocorrem no solo, mediante a comparação entre os radargramas obtidos e a descrição pedológica. O equipamento utilizado foi um Geophysical Survey System modelo GPR SR system-2, com antena de 80 MHz. A análise radargramétrica confirmou o aparecimento dos fragipãs e duripãs em profundidade, que ocorrem sempre acompanhados de um processo de transformação dos solos do tipo Latossolo Amarelo e Argissolo Amarelo em Espodossolo. Os padrões de reflexão mostram claramente os domínios dos solos argilosos e dos solos arenosos, com e sem a presença dos horizontes endurecidos.

Uso de sistema GPR (Ground Penetring Radar) na avaliação de atributos de um solo sob plantio de cana-de-açúcar

O GPR utiliza técnica indireta para investigação das estruturas de subsuperfície, sendo caracterizado como método não-invasivo, o qual permite extrair informações ao longo do perfil de solo sem perfurar, sondar ou escavar. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a utilização do GPR no estabelecimento de atributos físicos do solo em área de cultivo com cana-de-açúcar, além de estabelecer sua correlação com o método do cilindro volumétrico. A área de estudo está localizada no município de Bom Sucesso - PR, sendo utilizada com cultura da cana há mais de 20 anos. Foram obtidas amostras de solos indeformadas com cilindro volumétrico nas profundidades de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3, 0,3-0,4 e 0,4-0,5 m, ao longo de três transeptos paralelos, sendo o central referente à linha de plantio (transepto 2) e os outros dois correspondentes às entrelinhas laterais (transeptos 1 e 3). Os valores de densidade e porosidade total, obtidos por meio das amostras físicas, foram inicialmente interpretados para verificar o estado do solo nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de cana, nas cinco profundidades. Posteriormente, foram correlacionados com os valores das constantes dielétricas (K) adquiridos pelo georradar, porém apenas para a camada de 0,4-0,5 m, uma vez que as camadas superficiais até a profundidade de 0,4 m não puderam ser avaliadas devido às limitações técnicas do equipamento, aliadas às condições físicas e químicas do solo, que acabaram por prejudicar as reflexões. A densidade mostrou-se menor nas linhas, quando comparada às entrelinhas, para as camadas de 0-0,1 e 0,2-0,3 m. A porosidade total foi menor nas entrelinhas do que nas linhas na camada de 0-0,1 m. Os valores de K foram maiores nas linhas, onde a umidade e a porosidade total foram maiores, e menores nas entrelinhas, onde as densidades encontravam se próximas ao limite crítico. A correlação de K com a densidade e porosidade total não foi significativa. Pequenas modificações na porosidade do solo em função do aumento da densidade foram suficientes para diminuir o valor de K nas entrelinhas, devido à redução na quantidade de água nos poros. Esse fato pode ser confirmado pela correlação de K com a umidade. Assim, pode-se dizer que o georradar foi extremamente sensível à variação de umidade no solo, apresentando melhores resultados para esta variável do que para a densidade e porosidade total determinada por meio do cilindro volumétrico.

Decomposition of ground biomass of secondary forest and yield of annual crops in no tillage

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the dynamics of decomposition process of chopped secondary forest system, previously enriched with legumes Inga velutina Willd. and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Willd.) Hochr. and the contribution of this process to the nutrient input to the cultivation of corn and bean under no-tillage. The experimental design was a randomized block, split plot with four replications. The plots were two species (I. velutina and S. pulcherrimum) and the subplots were seven times of evaluation (0, 7, 28, 63, 189, 252, 294 days after experiment installation). There was no difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the secondary forest systems enriched and no interaction with times for biomass waste, decomposition constant and half-life time. The waste of S. pulcherrimum trees had higher (p < 0.05) C/N ratio than that I. velutina. However, this one was higher (p < 0.05) in lignin content. Nevertheless, the dynamics of residue decomposition was similar. The corn yield was higher (p < 0.05) in cultivation under I.velutina waste. Meanwhile, the beans planted after corn, shows similar (p > 0.05) yield in both areas, regardless of the waste origin.

An unusual ground larval habitat of Aedes albopictus

Relata-se o encontro de criadouro de Aedes albopictus no solo. Tratou-se de buraco resultante da queda de árvore Piptadenia ("angico branco") onde foram coletadas larvas daquele mosquito, juntamente com representantes de Culex declarator, Cx. quinquefasciatus e Culex (Cux.) sp. do Grupo Coronator. O criadouro comportou cerca de 17 litros de água proveniente de chuvas locais. O achado deu-se em mata residual dentro de perímetro urbano da cidade de Pindamo-nhangaba no Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Discute-se o significado do encontro como provável indicador de ecletismo comportamental e de adaptação do culicídeo ao ambiente antrópico.

Structure and composition of the ground-herb community in a terra-firme Central Amazonian forest

The herb community of tropical forests is very little known, with few studies addressing its structure quantitatively. Even with this scarce body of information, it is clear that the ground herbs are a rich group, comprising 14 to 40% of the species found in total species counts in tropical forests. The present study had the objective of increasing the knowledge about the structure and composition of the ground-herb community and to compare the sites for which there are similar studies. The study was conducted in a tropical non-inundated and evergreen forest 90 km north of Manaus, AM. Ground herbs were surveyed in 22 transects of 40 m², distributed in five plots of 4 ha. The inventoried community was composed of 35 species, distributed in 24 genera and 18 families. Angiosperms were represented by 8 families and Pteridophytes by 10 families. Marantaceae (12 sp) and Cyperaceae (4 sp) were the richest families. Marantaceae and Poaceae were the families with greatest abundance and cover. Marantaceae, Poaceae, Heliconiaceae and Pteridophytes summed 96% of total herb cover, and therefore were responsible for almost all the cover of the community. The 10 most important species had 83.7% of the individuals. In general, the most abundant species were also the most frequent. Richness per transect varied from 7 to 19 species, and abundance varied from 30 to 114 individuals. The community structure was quite similar to 3 other sites in South America and one site in Asia.

Uso de imagens de radar para o cálculo da produção primária de plantas aquáticas nas várzeas da Amazônia

A área da planície de inundação da Amazônia é estimada em 300 000km² e sua produtividade primária em 1,17 x 10(14) g C yr-1. Deste total de área e produtividade, estimativas sugerem que 43% e 62%, respectivamente, são atribuídos às plantas aquáticas. Estas estimativas variam de acordo com o pulso de inundação. Por exemplo, durante o período de seca as plantas terrestres (herbáceas) geralmente ocupam áreas que apresentam plantas aquáticas na cheia. A área e a produtividade destes ecossistemas são informações essenciais para a compreensão da dinâmica biogeoquímica da Amazônia. Imagens de satélites (radar) combinadas com amostragem de campo foram utilizadas para estimar a biomassa e mapear a área de cobertura de plantas aquáticas emergentes para calcular a produção primária de plantas aquáticas na várzea do baixo Amazonas. A combinação de bandas C e L forneceu a melhor correlação (r=0,82) e um ponto de saturação de biomassa intermediário (620 gm-2) para estimar biomassa aérea. O método de segmentação e classificação por região foi utilizado para classificar combinações de bandas C e L para cada período de nível de água, e forneceu uma precisão de mapeamento maior que 95% para determinação espacial de áreas cobertas por plantas aquáticas. Combinando a distribuição espacial de plantas aquáticas, o modelo para estimativa de biomassa aérea e a porcentagem de biomassa submersa, estimou-se espacialmente uma produção primária líquida anual de 1.9x10(12) g C yr-1 (±28%) para as plantas aquáticas em uma área de 394km².

A comparative evaluation of endemic and non-endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in India with ground survey and space technology

In visceral leishmaniasis, phlebotomine vectors are targets for control measures. Understanding the ecosystem of the vectors is a prerequisite for creating these control measures. This study endeavours to delineate the suitable locations of Phlebotomus argentipes with relation to environmental characteristics between endemic and non-endemic districts in India. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 25 villages in each district. Environmental data were obtained through remote sensing images and vector density was measured using a CDC light trap. Simple linear regression analysis was used to measure the association between climatic parameters and vector density. Using factor analysis, the relationship between land cover classes and P. argentipes density among the villages in both districts was investigated. The results of the regression analysis indicated that indoor temperature and relative humidity are the best predictors for P. argentipes distribution. Factor analysis confirmed breeding preferences for P. argentipes by landscape element. Minimum Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, marshy land and orchard/settlement produced high loading in an endemic region, whereas water bodies and dense forest were preferred in non-endemic sites. Soil properties between the two districts were studied and indicated that soil pH and moisture content is higher in endemic sites compared to non-endemic sites. The present study should be utilised to make critical decisions for vector surveillance and controlling Kala-azar disease vectors.

Characterisation of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitats at ground level and temporal fluctuations of larval abundance in Córdoba, Argentina

The aims of this study were to characterise the ground-level larval habitats of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, to determine the relationships between habitat characteristics and larval abundance and to examine seasonal larval-stage variations in Córdoba city. Every two weeks for two years, 15 larval habitats (natural and artificial water bodies, including shallow wells, drains, retention ponds, canals and ditches) were visited and sampled for larval mosquitoes. Data regarding the water depth, temperature and pH, permanence, the presence of aquatic vegetation and the density of collected mosquito larvae were recorded. Data on the average air temperatures and accumulated precipitation during the 15 days prior to each sampling date were also obtained. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were collected throughout the study period and were generally most abundant in the summer season. Generalised linear mixed models indicated the average air temperature and presence of dicotyledonous aquatic vegetation as variables that served as important predictors of larval densities. Additionally, permanent breeding sites supported high larval densities. In Córdoba city and possibly in other highly populated cities at the same latitude with the same environmental conditions, control programs should focus on permanent larval habitats with aquatic vegetation during the early spring, when the Cx. quinquefasciatus population begins to increase.

Opisthorchiasis in infant remains from the medieval Zeleniy Yar burial ground of XII-XIII centuries AD

We present a paleoparasitological analysis of the medieval Zeleniy Yar burial ground of the XII-XII centuries AD located in the northern part of Western Siberia. Parasite eggs, identified as eggs of Opisthorchis felineus, were found in the samples from the pelvic area of a one year old infant buried at the site. Presence of these eggs in the soil samples from the infant’s abdomen suggests that he/she was infected with opisthorchiasis and imply consumption of undercooked fish. Ethnographic records collected among the population of the northern part of Western Siberia reveal numerous cases of feeding raw fish to their children. Zeleniy Yar case of opisthorchiasis suggests that this dietary custom has persisted from at least medieval times.

Estimativa do teor de água no solo utilizando dados de radar de abertura sintética

Em virtude da crescente demanda mundial por alimentos, um monitoramento eficaz e em larga escala da umidade do solo constitui fator de grande importância para a previsão de safras. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma técnica para o cálculo do teor de água no solo, utilizando modelos preditivos de umidade do solo, baseados em dados de radar de abertura sintética (SAR). Foram utilizados dados do SAR a bordo do JERS-1 ("Japanese Earth Resources Satellite") e dois modelos empíricos. O primeiro relaciona o coeficiente de retroespalhamento com a permissividade complexa (modelo de Dubois), e o segundo relaciona a permissividade complexa com o teor de água do solo e algumas de suas características físico-hídricas, tais como percentagem de areia e argila (modelo de Hallikainen). Inicialmente, os dados do SAR/JERS-1 foram calibrados e, por meio do modelo de Dubois, foram calculados os valores de permissividade complexa. Para tanto, foi necessário inserir níveis estimados de rugosidade do solo. A partir destes resultados, utilizou-se o modelo de Hallikainen para calcular a umidade volumétrica. A análise geral dos resultados indica que a técnica de estimação de umidade do solo a partir de imagens de radar de abertura sintética, utilizada neste estudo, mostrou-se física e matematicamente exeqüível. No entanto, apresentou uma precisão moderada, não sendo ainda recomendada para o uso operacional no mapeamento de umidade do solo. A análise dos resultados revelou também que a precisão dos dados é bastante influenciada pela precisão dos valores de rugosidade introduzidos.

Estimation of surface roughness in a semiarid region from C-band ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar data

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using the C-band European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to estimate surface soil roughness in a semiarid rangeland. Radar backscattering coefficients were extracted from a dry and a wet season SAR image and were compared with 47 in situ soil roughness measurements obtained in the rocky soils of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southeastern Arizona, USA. Both the dry and the wet season SAR data showed exponential relationships with root mean square (RMS) height measurements. The dry C-band ERS-1 SAR data were strongly correlated (R² = 0.80), while the wet season SAR data have somewhat higher secondary variation (R² = 0.59). This lower correlation was probably provoked by the stronger influence of soil moisture, which may not be negligible in the wet season SAR data. We concluded that the single configuration C-band SAR data is useful to estimate surface roughness of rocky soils in a semiarid rangeland.

Effect of intercropping wheat with forage legumes on wheat production and ground cover

The use of winter legumes in southern Brazil is hindered by the slow growth of these species during establishment exposing soil surface to erosion. Introduction of these species along with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied as a means of increasing ground cover during their initial establishment period, without reducing wheat grain yield. Two experiments were conducted in nearby areas, one in each year. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivar Quiñequelli, white clover (T. repens L.), and arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi) did not reduce cereal yield in either year. Wheat yield was reduced by intercropped red clover cultivar Kenland and by subclover (T. subterraneum L.) in the first year. No grain yield differences due to intercropping with any legume were detected in the second year, when rainfall was below normal. Intercropping with wheat showed to be a practical alternative to enhance ground cover at establishing forage legumes.

Hybrid treatment of penetrating aortic ulcer

AbstractPenetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer is a rare entity with poor prognosis in the setting of acute aortic syndrome. In the literature, cases like the present one, located in the aortic arch, starting with chest pain and evolving with dysphonia, are even rarer. The present report emphasizes the role played by computed tomography in the diagnosis of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer as well as in the differentiation of this condition from other acute aortic syndromes. Additionally, the authors describe a new therapeutic approach represented by a hybrid endovascular surgical procedure for treatment of the disease.

Assessment of hydrochemical quality of ground water under some urban areas within sana'a secreteriat

Groundwater from nine wells of three different districts, located at Sana'a secretariat was analyzed for hydrochemical quality assessment. Measurements of water quality parameters including pH, EC, CO3(2-), HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, K+, and Na+ were carried out . Classification of the groundwater samples according to Cl, SO4(2-), CO3(2-) and HCO3-, hardness (H), total dissolved solids (TDS), base-exchange, and meteoric genesis was demonstrated. Suitability of ground water samples for irrigation and industrial uses according to sodium adsorption ration (SAR), ratio of dissolved sodium (RDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and saturation index (SI) was also investigated. The results of this study showed that almost all ground water samples were of good quality that makes them suitable for drinking and domestic uses. Results also indicated that even though some of the ground water samples were suitable for irrigation purposes, almost all of them were found not be good for industrial uses. Despite all drawbacks of the sewerage system built around Sana'a secretariat at the beginning of the first decade of the third millennium, the results of this study indicate that there is scope of significant improvement in Sana'a secretariat ground water quality.

Evaluation of the use of tomography in penetrating neck trauma

ABSTRACTObjective:the study has the intention of evaluate the accuracy of computed tomography for the diagnosis of cervical lesions on penetrating neck trauma and also identify the most frequent mechanisms of trauma. Most injured structures, determine the age range and the most prevalent sex.Methods: observational descriptive retrospective study executed by the systematic retrospective review of medical records of all patients victims of penetrating neck trauma that went through surgery and CT scans, admitted into Hospital do Trabalhador, between January 2009 and December 2013.Results:the final sample was of 30 patients, 96.7% of the male sex, the median age was of 28 years old. Most patients suffered injuries by gun (56.7%) and 33,3% suffered stab wounds. The most stricken area of the neck was Zone II (77.8%) and the left side (55.2%). Regarding the structures injured, the CT showed 6.7% lesions on airways but the surgery showed 40% of damaged, with a value of p=0.002. As to damages of the esophagus and pharynx the CT detected 10% of lesions, while surgery found 30% of lesions, therefore with a significant value of p=0.013. As for the analysis the CT showed reliable. As for the analysis of vascular damage, the CT showed to be, in most cases, reliable to the findings during the surgical act.Conclusion:besides the great use of CT for the diagnosis of penetrating neck injuries we can say that this is an exam with low accuracy for the diagnosis of lesions of aerodigestive tract, therefore it is important a clinical correlation for a good diagnosis.as for the vascular lesions and of other structures, the CT had high sensibility and specificity, thus a good exam to be used in overall.