Caracterização de cepas de P. falciparum coletadas de pacientes recrudescentes

A caracterização de cepas de P. falciparum coletadas de três pacientes internados no Centro de Provas Clínico-Farmacológicas do Hospital Barros Barreto (Belém, PA), através da eletroforese em acetato de celulose para duas enzimas (GPI e ADA), assim como através de testes de sensibilidade para duas drogas, cloroquina e mefloquina, permitiram observações da variação dos tipos enzimáticos em um dos pacientes e modificação no nível de sensibilidade à cloroquina em outro, tanto em amostras obtidas da infecção original, como em cada uma das recrudescências.

Caracterização de cepas de plasmodium falciparum do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, utilizando microtestes de sensibilidade aos antimaláricos, tipificação enzimática e anticorpos monoclonais

Nove amostras de Plasmodium falciparum foram coletadas de migrantes infectados no Estado de Rondônia. Estas amostras foram mantidas em cultivo para caracterização por tipificação enzimática em acetato de celulose, sensibilidade á cloroquina, amodiaquina, mefloquina e quinino e análise da diversidade antigê-nica através de anticorpos monoclonais específicos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram variação entre todas as amostras estudadas: encontrou-se resistência crescente à cloroquina, resistência intermediária à amodiaquina e quinino e sensibilidade a baixos níveis de mefloquina; apenas dois isolados mostraram sensibilidade a todas as drogas. A tipificação enzimática mostrou presença de parasitas GPI 1 e 2 e ADA 1 e 2, enquanto que para PEP e LDH todas as amostras foram do tipo 1. Sorotipagem com anticorpos monoclonais PSA mostrou presença de três sorotipos diferentes (II, III e IV). Estes resultados mostraram: a) variação entre as amostras para os marcadores analisados; b) nesta região, para o pequeno número de amostras analisadas, não foram observadas diferenças significativas ou novos tipos de parasitas.

Characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi strain isolated from a non-endemic area in Northeast Brazil

A cepa WSL (Wild São Lorenço) de T. cruzi, isolada de um cobaio proveniente de São Lorenço da Mata (Nordeste do Brasil) foi caracterizada através da análise do seu comportamento morfobiológico e perfil isoenzimático. Para o estudo do comportamento morfobiológico, tripomastigotas sanguíneos (1 x 10 5) da cepa WSL foram inoculados por via intraperitonal em camundongos albinos Swiss. Como controle a cepa Y (Tipo I) foi usada. Durante o curso da infecção os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: parasitemia, mortalidade, morfologia dos parasitas no sangue periférico e tropismo tissular. O perfil isoenzimático foi analisado em relação às enzimas ALAT, GPI e PGM usando como controle de referência as cepas Peruana (Tipo I), 21SF (Tipo II) e Colombiana (Tipo III). A cepa WSL apresentou as seguintes características biológicas: 1) multiplicação lenta e pico parasitêmico entre 21 - 25 dias pós-infecção; 2) mortalidade de 3,3% 40 dias pós-infecção; 3) predominância de formas largas no sangue periférico e 4) miotropismo com predominante envolvimento cardíaco. A análise isoenzimática mostrou um padrão de zimodema 2 (Z2) que corresponde às cepas biológicas Tipo II. Os resultados mostram que a cepa WSL apresenta baixa virulência e patogenicidade.

Trypanosoma cruzi strains: behavior after passage into authoctonous or foreign species of triatomine (biological and biochemical patterns)

The behavior of T. cruzi strains from S. Felipe - BA (19 SF, 21 SF and 22 SF) classified as Type II Zymodeme 2, was investigated after passage through the authoctonous (P. megistus) and foreign vectors (T. infestans and R. prolixus). For each strain Swiss mice were infected: I - with blood forms (control); II - with metacyclic forms (MF) from P. megistus; III - with MF from T. infestans; IV - with MF from R. prolixus. Inocula: MF from the three species of triatomine, 60 to 120 days after feeding in infected mice, adjusted to 10 4. Biological behavior in mice (parasitemia, morphology, mortality, virulence and pathogenicity) after passage through triatomine was compared with data from the same strain in control mice. Isoenzymic electrophoresis (ASAT, ALAT, PGM, GPI) were also performed after culture into Warren medium. The three strains maintained the isoenzyme profiles (zymodeme 2), in the control groups and after passages through different species of triatomine. Biological characterization disclosed Type II strains patterns for all groups. An increased virulence was observed with the 22 SF strain isolated from P. megistus and T. infestans and higher levels of parasitemia and predominance of slender forms in mice inoculated with the 19 SF and 21 SF from these same species. Results indicate that the passage through the two species T. infestans and P. megistus had a positive influence on the virulence of the regional strains of S. Felipe, regardless of being autocthonous (P. megistus) or foreign to the area (T. infestans).

Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Santiago del Estero, Argentina: identification of parasites by monoclonal antibodies and isoenzymes

Diagnostic and parasite characterization and identification studies were carried out in human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in Santiago del Estero, Northern Province of Argentina. Diagnostic procedures were biopsies of lesions for smears and inoculations in hamster, needle aspirations of material from ulcers for "in vitro" cultures. Immunodiagnostic techniques applied were IFAT-IgG and Montenegro skin test. Primary isolation of eight stocks of leishmanial parasites was achieved from patients with active lesions. All stocks were biologically characterized by their behaviour in hamster, measurements of amastigote and promastigotes and growth "in vitro". Eight stocks were characterized and identified at species level by their reactivity to a cross-panel of sub-genus and specie-specific Monoclonal Antibodies through an Indirect Immunofluorescence technique and a Dot-ELISA. We conclude from the serodeme analysis of Argentina stocks that: stocks MHOM/AR/92/SE-1; SE-2; SE-4; SE-8; SE-8-I; SE-30; SE-34 and SE-36 are Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Three Leishmania stocks (SE-1; SE-2 and SE-30) did not react with one highly specie-specific Monoclonal Antibody (Clone: B-18, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis marker) disclosing two serodeme group patterns. Five out of eight soluble extracts of leishmanial promastigotes were electrophoresed on thin-layer starch gels and examined for the enzyme MPI, Mannose Phosphate Isomerase; MDH, Malate Dehydrogenase; 6PGD, 6 Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase; NH, Nucleoside Hydrolase, 2-deoxyinosinc as substrate; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; GPI, Glucose Phosphate Isomerase and ES, Esterase. From the isoenzyme studies we concluded that stocks: MHOM/AR/92/SE-1; SE-2; SE-4; SE-8 and SE-8-I are isoenzymatically Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. We need to analyze more enzymes before assigning them to a braziliensis zymodeme.

Leishmania mexicana in Proechimys iheringi denigratus Moojen (Rodentia, Echimyidae) in a region endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis

Three isolates of Leishmania were recovered from five of 27 specimens of the rodent Proechimys iheringi denigratus Moojen captured near Três Braços in the Atlantic Forest region of Bahia, Brazil. Two of these isolates were recovered from hamsters inoculated with a pooled triturate of liver, spleen and skin tissue from apparently healthy P. i. denigratus. The third isolate was recovered from a triturate of only skin tissue from another. Metastasis was observed in the inoculated hamsters, the parasites grew abundantly in artificial media and a typical suprapylarial pattern of infection in Lutzomyia longipalpis was produced indicating that the parasites belong to the Leishmania mexicana complex. All isolates reacted with Leishmania mexicana mexicana and Leishmania mexicana amazonensis monoclonal antibodies. The isoenzyme analysis differentiated these isolates from standard isolates of L. m. mexicana, L. m. amazonensis, L. m. aristedesi, L. m. pifanoi, L. m. garnhami and L. m. ssp.(Goiás-W. Barbosa). These isolates seem to be a subspecies of L. mexicana very closely related to L. m. amazonensis from which they differ by decreased electrophoretic mobility of GPI, PEP and ALAT. This is the first record of the isolation of a parasite of thegenus Leishmania in a rodent captured in the State of Bahia.

Evaluation of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi strains isolated from dogs originating from two visceral leishmaniasis-endemic areas in Brazil using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis

INTRODUCTION: Domestic dogs are the most important reservoir in the peridomestic transmission cycle of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. The genetic variability of subpopulations of this parasite circulating in dogs has not been thoroughly analyzed in Brazil, even though this knowledge has important implications in the clinical-epidemiological context. METHODS: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the phenotypic variability of 153 L. chagasi strains isolated from dogs originating from the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (n = 57) and Belo Horizonte (n = 96), where the disease is endemic. Strains isolated only from intact skin were selected and analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis using nine enzyme systems (6PG, GPI, NH1 and NH2, G6P, PGM, MDH, ME, and IDHNADP). RESULTS: The electrophoretic profile was identical for all isolates analyzed and was the same as that of the L. chagasi reference strain (MHOM/BR/74/PP75). Phenetic analysis showed a similarity index of one for all strains, with the isolates sharing 100% of the characteristics analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that the L. chagasi populations circulating in dogs from Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte belong to a single zymodeme.

Anticorpos contra beta2-glicoproteína I como fatores de risco para infarto agudo do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Determinar se títulos elevados de anticorpos contra o cofator fosfolipídico beta2-glicoproteína I (beta2-gpI) se associam a risco aumentado de infarto agudo do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Incluídos 82 pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio e 82 controles, avaliados quanto à idade, sexo, raça, hipertensão, tabagismo, cardiopatia prévia, história de diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia. Anticorpos anticardiolipina e antibeta2-gpI IgA, IgG e IgM foram detectados por imunoensaio. Odds ratios (OR) ajustados para fatores de risco foram obtidos através de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A média de idade para casos e controles foi, respectivamente, de 57,7 e 51,1 anos (P=0,003), predominando homens (P=0.005) e a raça branca em ambos os grupos (P = 0.798). Entre os fatores de risco, história de diabetes (OR 5,3; IC95% 1,9 a 14,9; P=0,001) e cardiopatia prévia (OR 4,7; IC95% 2,0 a 10,7; P<0,001) foram as associações mais consistentes com o infarto do miocárdio. A freqüência de anticorpos anticardiolipina IgG, IgM e IgA não diferiu em casos e controles (P=1,000). Anticorpos IgA contra beta2-gpI IgA foram mais freqüentes em casos do que em controles (P=0.054). O OR ajustado para anticorpos IgA anti-beta2-gpI IgA foi 3,4 (IC95% 1,3 a 9,1; P = 0,015). CONCLUSÃO: Anticorpos IgA antibeta2-gpI, mas não anticardiolipina, parecem se comportar como fatores de risco independentes para o infarto, o que pode representar um elo entre autoimunidade e aterosclerose em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Auto-anticorpos anti-β2-glicoproteína I e síndrome metabólica

FUNDAMENTO: A síndrome metabólica (SM) é uma entidade pró-aterogênica. Autoanticorpos tais como β2-glicoproteína I (β2-gpI) podem influenciar o aparecimento de ateromas. Estudos anteriores confirmaram uma associação entre anticorpos IgA anti-β2-gpI e isquemia cerebral, infarto do miocárdio, doença arterial periférica e doença da carótida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo de caso-controle foi avaliar uma possível associação entre anticorpos anti-β2-gpI e anticardiolipina (aCL) com SM não-complicada. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com SM sem histórico de eventos vasculares e indivíduos-controle, consistindo em pacientes da Enfermaria de Ortopedia admitidos devido a doenças musculoesqueléticas foram incluídos no estudo. Idade, sexo, etnia, histórico de hipertensão, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes mellitus foram avaliados como fatores de risco em ambos os grupos. Anticorpos IgG, IgM, e IgA anti-β2-gpI e aCL foram detectados através de imunoensaios enzimáticos. RESULTADOS: Um total de 68 pacientes com SM e 82 controles foram estudados. Os pacientes com SM tinham média de idade superior à dos controles (P = 0,001), enquanto homens (P = 0,003; OR 0,31; IC95%: 0,15-0,16) e etnia caucasiana (P = 0,004; OR 0,25; IC95%:0,10-0,60) eram predominantes nos controles. Histórico de hipertensão, hipercolesterolemia e diabetes mellitus foi mais prevalente nos pacientes com SM do que nos controles (P < 0.05). A frequência de anticorpos aCL (todos os isotipos) e do IgG e IgM anti-β2 gpI não diferiu de forma significante nos pacientes com SM e controles. Anticorpos IgA anti-β2-gpI foram significantemente mais frequentes nos pacientes com SM (42,2%) do que nos controles (10,9%) (P < 0,001). O OR ajustado para anticorpos IgA anti-β2-gpI foi 3,60 (IC95%: 1,55-8,37; P = 0,003). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostra que níveis elevados de autoanticorpos IgA para β2-gpI podem estar independentemente associados com SM.

Padrão isoenzimático da cepa Y do Trypanosoma cruzi após quimioterapia específica

Foi estudado o perfil isoenzimático da cepa Y do Trypanosoma cruzi isolada de camundongos tratados e não curados com o Nufurtimox (Bay 2502) ou com o Benzonidazol (Ro 7.1051), submetida à passagens em camundongos recém-nascidos e a seguir inoculada nos seguintes grupos experimentais: I - camundongos inoculados com a cepa Y resistente ao Nifurtimox e tratados com esta mesma droga; II - camundongos inoculdado com a cepa Y resistente ao Nifurtimox e tratados com o Benzonidazol e III - camundognos resistentes ao tratamento com o Benzonidazol e tratados com esta mesma droga. Os inóculos foram de 15 x 10 [elevado a 4 ] tripomastigotas sanguícolas. Houve aumento de resistência em relação a cepa original com a mesma droga e resistência cruzada. A cepa Y isolada dos animais não curados foi passada em cultura em meio Warren e preparados os extratos enzimáticos para a eletroforese das seguintes enzimas: GPI, PGM, ALAT e ASAT. Como controle isoenzimático foram utilizadas as cepas Peruana (Tipo I), 21 SF (Tipo II) e Colombiana (Tipo III) e duas amostras da cepa Y mantidas por diferentes período em cultura e em criopreservação dos extraidos enzimáticos. Não houve modificações do perfil isoenzimático da cepa Y, que Tipo I (Peruana) e ao padrão das amostras da cepa Y com diferentes períodos de manutenção.

Mechanisms of evasion of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula to the lethal activity of complement

Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni became resistant to antibody-dependent complement damage in vitro after pre-incubation with normal human erythrocytes (NHuE) whatever the ABO or Rh blood group. Resistant parasites were shown to acquire host decay accelerating factor (DAF) , a 70 kDa glycoprotein attached to the membrane of NHue by a GPI anchor. IgG2a mAb anti-human DAF (IA10) immunoprecipitated a 70 kDa molecule from 125I-labeled schistosomula pre-incubated with NHuE and inhibited their resistance to complement-dependent killing in vtro. Incubationof schistosomula with erytrocytes from patients with paroxsimal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNHE) or SRBC, wich are DAF-deficient, did not protect the parasites from complement lesion. Supernatant of 100,000 x g collected from NHuE incubated for 24 h in defined medium was shown to contain a soluble form of DAF and to protect schistosomula from complement killing. Schistosomula treated with trypsin before incubation with NHuE ghosts did not become resistant to complement damage. On the other hand, pre-treatment with chymotrypsin did not interfere with the acquisition of resistance by the schistosomula. These results indicate that, in vitro, NHuE DAF can be transferred to schistosomula in a soluble form and that the binding of this molecule to the parasite surface is dependent upon trypsin-sensitive chymotrypsin-insensitive polipeptide(s) present on the surface of the worm.

Genetic variability and differentiation between populations of Rhodnius prolixus and R. pallescens, vectors of Chagas' Disease in Colombia

Enzyme polymorphism in Rhodnius prolixus and R. pallescens (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), principal vectors of Chagas' disease in Colombia, was analyzed using starch gel electrophoresis. Three geographic locations were sampled in order to determine gene flow between populations and to characterize intra- and interspecific differences. Of 25 enzymes assayed 10 were successfully resolved and then used to score the genetic variation. The enzymes PEPD, GPI, PGM and ICD were useful to differentiate these species and PGD, PGM and MDH distinguished between sylvatic and domiciliary populations of R. prolixus. Both polymorphism and heterozygosity indicated greater genetic variability in sylvatic habitats (H = 0.021) compared to domiciliary habitats (H = 0.006) in both species. Gene flow between sylvatic and domiciliary populations in R. prolixus was found to be minimal. This fact and the genetic distance between them suggest a process of genetic isolation in the domiciliary population.

Characterization of subpopulations (clones and subclones) of the 21 SF strain of Trypanosoma cruzi after long lasting maintenance in the laboratory

Several studies have shown a clonal structure of Trypanosoma cruzi and its possible correlation with the behavioral heterogeneity of the parasite strains. In the present study, the 21 SF strain, that have been maintained in laboratory by successive passages in mice, for more than 15 years, showing a stability of biological and isoenzymic characteristics has been cloned, with the objective of establishing the characters of its clones and subclones. With the technique of isolation of a single parasite from the blood of infected mice, 5 clones and 14 subclones have been obtained. After four passages into mice, inoculum of 10(5) was obtained for each clone and subclone and inoculated into mice weighing 10 to 12 g. These were used for the study of the biological behavior of the clones: evolution of parasitemia, morphology of blood forms and host mortality. For isoenzymic characterization, the clones and subclones were analyzed for ALAT, ASAT, GPI and PGM enzymes. Results have shown that the 5 clones and the 14 subclones disclosed a biological behavior similar to the parental strain, with minor variability of the parasitemic profiles and also the same isoenzymic patterns. These results confirm the stability of the 21 SF strain and indicate a clonal homogeneity of its populations. This is compatible with the hypothesis that the T. cruzi strains represent an equilibrium of either homogenous or heterogeneous populations.

Estimation of Genetic Divergence and Gene Flow between Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina

Allele frequencies at seven polymorphic loci controlling the synthesis of enzymes were analyzed in six populations of Culex pipiens L. and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say. Sampling sites were situated along a north-south line of about 2,000 km in Argentina. The predominant alleles at Mdh, Idh, Gpdh and Gpi loci presented similar frequencies in all the samples. Frequencies at the Pgm locus were similar for populations pairs sharing the same geographic area. The loci Cat and Hk-1 presented significant geographic variation. The latter showed a marked latitudinal cline, with a frequency for allele b ranging from 0.99 in the northernmost point to 0.04 in the southernmost one, a pattern that may be explained by natural selection (FST = 0.46; p < 0.0001) on heat sensitive alleles. The average value of FST (0.088) and Nm (61.12) indicated a high gene flow between adjacent populations. A high correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The highest genetic identity (IN = 0.988) corresponded to the geographically closest samples from the central area. In one of these localities Cx. quinquefasciatus was predominant and hybrid individuals were detected, while in the other, almost all the specimens were identified as Cx. pipiens. To verify the fertility between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus from the northern- and southernmost populations, experimental crosses were performed. Viable egg rafts were obtained from both reciprocal crosses. Hatching ranged from 76.5 to 100%. The hybrid progenies were fertile through two subsequent generations

A role for extracellular amastigotes in the immunopathology of Chagas disease

In spite of the growing knowledge obtained about immune control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the mechanisms responsible for the variable clinico-pathological expression of Chagas disease remain unknown. In a twist from previous concepts, recent studies indicated that tissue parasitism is a pre-requisite for the development of chronic myocarditis. This fundamental concept, together with the realization that T. cruzi organisms consist of genetically heterogeneous clones, offers a new framework for studies of molecular pathogenesis. In the present article, we will discuss in general terms the possible implications of genetic variability of T. cruzi antigens and proteases to immunopathology. Peptide epitopes from a highly polymorphic subfamily of trans-sialidase (TS) antigens were recently identified as targets of killer T cell (CTL) responses, both in mice and humans. While some class I MHC restricted CTL recognize epitopes derived from amastigote-specific TS-related antigens (TSRA), others are targeted to peptide epitopes originating from trypomastigote-specific TSRA. A mechanistic hypothesis is proposed to explain how the functional activity and specificity of class I MHC restricted killer T cells may control the extent to which tissue are exposed to prematurely released amastigotes. Chronic immunopathology may be exacerbated due the progressive accumulation of amastigote-derived antigens and pro-inflammatory molecules (eg. GPI-mucins and kinin-releasing proteases) in dead macrophage bodies.