Gloria o maldición del individualismo moderno según Louis Dumont

Este artículo discute la noción de individualismo en Louis Dumont, partiendo sobretodo de una reconstitución del encuentro entre sus perspectivas metodológica -- que tiene como base el estudio antropológico de la civilización indiana -- y teórica, referida a la relación entre individuo y sociedad en una llave propiamente maussiana. Por el hecho de saberse que Dumont se utiliza de un abordaje al mismo tiempo comparativo y estructural, lo que se busca es mostrar que el individualismo, al mismo tiempo que se presenta ideologicamente como opuesto a la jerarquía típica de sistemas como las casta indianas, mantiene propiedades lógicas semejantes, en lo que se refiere a la relación entre los valores y las prácticas sociologicamente "englobadas" y veladas. De este modo es posible entender, a partir de este pensamiento, como en el interior del mismo sistema individualista -- liberal e igualitario -- hay espacio para ideologías totalitarias y racistas, como perversiones jerárquicas que trabajan la desigualdad en planos sociologicamente asimétricos como la "naturaleza".

MEDIADORES DO SAGRADO: OS AUXILIARES INDÍGENAS DOS MISSIONÁRIOS NAS REDUÇÕES JESUÍTICAS DA AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL (c. 1638-1767)

Resumo Este artigo analisa a participação indígena na difusão da doutrina cristã nas missões jesuíticas instaladas na Amazônia Ocidental. Ao iniciar uma redução, os jesuítas geralmente treinavam alguns caciques para exercerem a tarefa de catequistas; com o tempo, educavam os filhos dos chefes destacados e algumas crianças escolhidas entre os índios comuns e cativos para formar, através deles, um grupo seleto de "fiscais da doutrina", sacristãos e músicos. Também estimulavam a constituição de confrarias, em que apenas os índios de comportamento exemplar e provada devoção religiosa podiam participar. O presente estudo estabelece uma análise de situações e casos relevantes sucedidos nas missões de Maynas, Mojos e Chiquitos. O argumento central consiste em demonstrar que, ao depender de agentes indígenas para viabilizar a tradução da doutrina cristã aos neófitos, os jesuítas não podiam desterrar completamente certas práticas e representações que asseguravam a legitimidade dos seus mediadores.

An indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against St. Louis Encephalitis virus

An in house indirect immmunofluorescence assay ( IFA ) in relation to neutralization (NT) reference test, was assessed as a fast and cheap method to carry out serological surveys for St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLE). Sera obtained from 213 blood donors were analyzed by both tests. The prevalence of seropositivity obtained with IFA was lower than (30.98%) that observed on NT (41.78%). The relative specificity rate of IFA was 96.77% whereas its relative sensitivity rate was 69.66%. Kappa index showed a good correlation between both tests. The results indicate that neutralization assay is still the serological test with the highest sensitivity and specificity relative rates for detecting antibodies against SLE virus. Nevertheless, the IFA could be useful as an alternative test in order to learn the circulation of the Flavivirus genus in a certain area.

Age-related seroprevalence study for St. Louis encephalitis in a population from Cordoba, Argentina

A serological screening was performed in 615 individuals aged 0-87 years, living in the city of Cordoba, Argentina to study the relationship between antibody prevalence for the SLE virus and age. A 13.98% prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was obtained and its relation to age was significantly high (p = 0.045). The highest seroprevalence was noted on individuals over 60 years old (>20%), whereas no subject under 10 was seropositive for this virus. Our results confirm that the agent is endemic in this area and neurological pathology studies should be performed on those individuals aged 60 since they represent the most susceptible group to SLE virus.

St. Louis encephalitis vírus: first isolation from a human in São Paulo state, Brasil

This paper reports the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in São Pedro, São Paulo State. A MAC-ELISA done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected IgG antibody for flaviviruses. An indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the C6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. RNA extracted from the infected cell culture supernatant was amplified by RT-PCR in the presence of NS5 universal flavivirus primers and directly sequenced. Results of BLAST search indicated that this sequence shares 93% nucleotide similarity with the sequence of SLEV (strain-MSI.7), confirmed by RT-PCR performed with SLEV specific primers. Since SLEV was identified as the cause of human disease, it is necessary to improve surveillance in order to achieve early detection of this agent in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil. This finding is also an alert to health professionals about the need for more complete clinical and epidemiological investigations of febrile illnesses as in the reported case. SLEV infections can be unrecognized or confused with other ones caused by an arbovirus, such as dengue.

SAINT LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN MATO GROSSO, CENTRAL-WESTERN BRAZIL

The dengue virus (DENV), which is frequently involved in large epidemics, and the yellow fever virus (YFV), which is responsible for sporadic sylvatic outbreaks, are considered the most important flaviviruses circulating in Brazil. Because of that, laboratorial diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illness during epidemic periods is frequently directed towards these viruses, which may eventually hinder the detection of other circulating flaviviruses, including the Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), which is widely dispersed across the Americas. The aim of this study was to conduct a molecular investigation of 11 flaviviruses using 604 serum samples obtained from patients during a large dengue fever outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso (MT) between 2011 and 2012. Simultaneously, 3,433 female Culex spp. collected with Nasci aspirators in the city of Cuiabá, MT, in 2013, and allocated to 409 pools containing 1-10 mosquitoes, were also tested by multiplex semi-nested reverse transcription PCR for the same flaviviruses. SLEV was detected in three patients co-infected with DENV-4 from the cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande. One of them was a triple co-infection with DENV-1. None of them mentioned recent travel or access to sylvatic/rural regions, indicating that transmission might have occurred within the metropolitan area. Regarding mosquito samples, one pool containing one Culex quinquefasciatus female was positive for SLEV, with a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 0.29 per 1000 specimens of this species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates both human and mosquito SLEV cluster, with isolates from genotype V-A obtained from animals in the Amazon region, in the state of Pará. This is the first report of SLEV molecular identification in MT.

Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil

Introduction Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. Methods From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. Results Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. Conclusions These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.

A Saint Louis encephalitis and Rocio virus serosurvey in Brazilian horses

Introduction Arboviruses are an important public health problem in Brazil, in especially flaviviruses, including the Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and the Rocio virus (ROCV), are especially problematic. These viruses are transmitted to humans or other vertebrates through arthropod bites and may cause diseases with clinical manifestations that range from asymptomatic infection, viral hemorrhagic fever to encephalitis. Methods A serological survey of horses from various regions of Brazil using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant SLEV domain III peptides and ROCV E protein as antigens. Results Overall, 415 (55.1%) of the 753 horses that were screened were seropositive for flavivirus and, among them, monotypic reactions were observed to SLEV in 93 (12.3%) and to ROCV in 46 (6.1%). These results suggested that these viruses, or other closely related viruses, are infecting horses in Brazil. However, none of the studied horses presented central nervous system infection symptoms. Conclusions Our results suggest that SLEV and ROCV previously circulated among horses in northeast, west-central and southeast Brazil.

Ocorrência de Hylettus seniculus (Germar,1824) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), em pomares cítricos de Roraima, Brasil, e alternativas de controle

A produção citrícola no estado de Roraima é limitada por alguns fatores, dentre os quais as pragas ocupam destaque especial. Nos últimos anos uma nova praga vem causando danos em vários pomares no Estado. Este trabalho objetivou identificar esta nova praga bem como descrever os principais sintomas e danos, visando a correta recomendação para o seu controle. Ramos e troncos infestados com o inseto, oriundos de vários pomares foram coletados e colocados em gaiolas teladas. Após a emergência, os espécimes foram mortos e acondicionados em frascos contendo álcool a 70% e conduzidos para o Centro de Identificação de Insetos Fitófagos da UFPR, Curitiba-PR, para a identificação. O inseto foi identificado como Hylettus seniculus (Germar,1824)(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae),até então não citado como espécie de importância econômica para a citricultura de Roraima. Atribuiu-se sua ocorrência ao manejo fitossanitário inadequado dos pomares de citros; plantios velhos e abandonados; e a existência de hospedeiros florestais. Fatores estes considerados como favoráveis à proliferação e disseminação do inseto nos pomares.

Description of behavioral patterns of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix, 1824) (Testudines: Podocnemididae) (Red-headed river turtle) in captivity, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

The biology and ecology of South American turtles is still poorly known, particularly, for the Brazilian species. Laboratory studies are essential to understand the life cycles of aquatic turtles species and to help in formulating management plans for their conservation. As a contribution to the knowledge of Podocnemis erythrocephala species, we give a description of its species-typical behaviors, categorized as: maintenance, locomotion, feeding, agonistic and reproduction, based on captives observations of four pairs of turtles in an aquarium in Manaus, Brazil. Similarities and differences with the repertoires of other turtle species are discussed, concluding that turtles have much more complex adaptative strategies and social life than was believed.

Dinâmica populacional e efeitos da temperatura ambiental e precipitação pluviométrica sobre Astylus variegatus (Germar, 1824) e A. sexmaculatus (Perty, 1830) (Coleoptera; Dasytidae)

Foi determinada a dinâmica populacional de A. variegatus e A. sexmaculatus e o efeito da precipitação pluviomêtrica e temperatura máxima, media e mínima sobre a movimentação dos adultos, durante o ano de 1986, em Maria da Fé-MG. Estas espécies, notadamente a primeira, vêm crescendo em importância como pragas agrícolas pelos danos causados pelas larvas às sementes no solo, antes da germinação. Mostraram-se muito atraídas pela cor amarelo brilhante, permitindo a utilização de armadilhas de Moericke para monitoramento de populações de adultos. Os primeiros exemplares foram capturados no final de janeiro e início de fevereiro e as populações cresceram rapidamente. Por serem polenófagos, este fato pode estar relacionado ao florescimento do milho cultivado na área, em rotação com a batata. Observou-se um pequeno pico populacional no início de março e o acme ocorreu uma semana mais tarde, quando foram coletados 886 adultos de A. variegatus e 240 de A. sexmaculatus, numa única armadilha em apenas sete dias. A partir daí as populações decresceram não sendo observados mais adultos a partir do mês de junho. Estudos de Regressão Linear Múltipla entre os parâmetros climáticos avaliados e o número de adultos capturados mostraram que a temperatura máxima foi a variável mais relacionada á movimentação dos adultos das duas espécies estudadas.