Analysis and chromosomal mapping of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigote expressed sequence tags

The characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from a cDNA library of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes is described. The sequencing of 93 clones generated new L. (L.) amazonensis ESTs from which 32% are not related to any other sequences in database and 68% presented significant similarities to known genes. The chromosome localization of some L. (L.) amazonensis ESTs was also determined in L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) major. The characterization of these ESTs is suitable for the genome physical mapping, as well as for the identification of genes encoding cysteine proteinases implicated with protective immune responses in leishmaniasis.

Inducing mutations in the mouse genome with the chemical mutagen ethylnitrosourea

When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.

Towards an understanding of the epigenetics of schistosomes: a comparative epigenomic study

As in perhaps all eukaryotes, schistosomes use a supplementary information transmitting system, the epigenetic inheritance system, to shape genetic information and to produce different phenotypes. In contrast to other important parasites, the study of epigenetic phenomena in schistosomes is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, we are beginning to grasp what goes on behind the epigenetic scene in this parasite. We have developed techniques of native chromatin immunoprecipitation (N-ChIP) and associated the necessary bioinformatics tools that allow us to run genome-wide comparative chromatin studies on Schistosoma mansoni at different stages of its life cycle, on different strains and on different sexes. We present here an application of such an approach to study the genetic and epigenetic basis for a phenotypic trait, the compatibility of S. mansoni with its invertebrate host Biomphalaria glabrata. We have applied the ChIP procedure to two strains that are either compatible or incompatible with their intermediate host. The precipitated DNA was sequenced and aligned to a reference genome and this information was used to determine regions in which both strands differ in their genomic sequence and/or chromatin structure. This procedure allowed us to identify candidate genes that display either genetic or epigenetic difference between the two strains.

Predição simultânea dos efeitos de marcadores moleculares e seleção genômica ampla em cajueiro

A seleção genômica ampla (genome wide selection - GWS) foi proposta como uma forma de aumentar a eficiência e acelerar o melhoramento genético, enfatizando a predição simultânea dos efeitos genéticos de grande número de marcadores genéticos de DNA dispersos em todo o genoma de um organismo, de forma a capturar os efeitos de todos os locos e explicar a variação genética de um caráter quantitativo. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho aplicar o princípio da GWS no melhoramento do cajueiro, estimando simultaneamente os efeitos de 238 marcadores avaliados em 74 indivíduos de uma família de irmãos completos, visando a explicar grande porcentagem da variação genotípica total do caráter peso da amêndoa e a aumentar a eficiência do melhoramento do cajueiro. Verificou-se que a capacidade preditiva e a acurácia são praticamente maximizadas na análise com 70 marcadores de maiores efeitos. O aumento do número de marcadores não aumenta linearmente a acurácia da GWS pelo método RR-BLUP. Os 70 marcadores de maiores efeitos capturam 74% da variação genotípica total e propiciam alta acurácia seletiva (86%) da seleção para o peso de amêndoas, enquanto os cinco marcadores de maiores efeitos capturam apenas 19% da variação genotípica total e propiciam acurácia seletiva de apenas 44%. Assim, a seleção assistida (MAS), baseada em poucos (cinco) marcadores de efeitos significativos, propicia eficiência muito inferior à GWS. Os valores genéticos genômicos preditos na população de validação cruzada aproximam-se bem dos valores fenotípicos observados, com correlação de 0,79. A estimação simultânea dos efeitos dos marcadores, segundo o conceito da GWS, é uma alternativa interessante, visando a aumentar a eficiência do melhoramento do cajueiro.

The search for circadian clock components in humans: new perspectives for association studies

Individual circadian clocks entrain differently to environmental cycles (zeitgebers, e.g., light and darkness), earlier or later within the day, leading to different chronotypes. In human populations, the distribution of chronotypes forms a bell-shaped curve, with the extreme early and late types _ larks and owls, respectively _ at its ends. Human chronotype, which can be assessed by the timing of an individual's sleep-wake cycle, is partly influenced by genetic factors - known from animal experimentation. Here, we review population genetic studies which have used a questionnaire probing individual daily timing preference for associations with polymorphisms in clock genes. We discuss their inherent limitations and suggest an alternative approach combining a short questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ), which assesses chronotype in a quantitative manner, with a genome-wide analysis (GWA). The advantages of these methods in comparison to assessing time-of-day preferences and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping are discussed. In the future, global studies of chronotype using the MCTQ and GWA may also contribute to understanding the influence of seasons, latitude (e.g., different photoperiods), and climate on allele frequencies and chronotype distribution in different populations.