Proliferation of differentiated glial cells in the brain stem

Classical studies of macroglial proliferation in muride rodents have provided conflicting evidence concerning the proliferating capabilities of oligodendrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, little information has been obtained in other mammalian orders and very little is known about glial cell proliferation and differentiation in the subclass Metatheria although valuable knowledge may be obtained from the protracted period of central nervous system maturation in these forms. Thus, we have studied the proliferative capacity of phenotypically identified brain stem oligodendrocytes by tritiated thymidine radioautography and have compared it with known features of oligodendroglial differentiation as well as with proliferation of microglia in the opossum Didelphis marsupialis. We have detected a previously undescribed ephemeral, regionally heterogeneous proliferation of oligodendrocytes expressing the actin-binding, ensheathment-related protein 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), that is not necessarily related to the known regional and temporal heterogeneity of expression of CNPase in cell bodies. On the other hand, proliferation of microglia tagged by the binding of Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin, which recognizes an alpha-D-galactosyl-bearing glycoprotein of the plasma membrane of macrophages/microglia, is known to be long lasting, showing no regional heterogeneity and being found amongst both ameboid and differentiated ramified cells, although at different rates. The functional significance of the proliferative behavior of these differentiated cells is unknown but may provide a low-grade cell renewal in the normal brain and may be augmented under pathological conditions.

Isolation of a ß-galactoside-binding lectin from cat liver

A lectin from cat liver has been identified and purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-Sepharose. One hundred micrograms of lectin was obtained from one cat liver with a purification factor of 1561. The lectin agglutinates trypsin-treated rabbit and cow erythrocytes. Hemagglutination was inhibited only by saccharides containing ß-galactosyl residues, of which the 1-amine-1-deoxy-ß-D-galactose was the most potent one by inhibiting hemagglutination at a concentration of 12.5 mM, followed by melibiose, trehalose and galactose. The lectin has a subunit molecular mass of 14.4 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and a pI of 4.85. Compared with the composition of lectins from calf heart and porcine heart, cat liver lectin contains approximately the same amount of cysteine, half the amount of glycine, twice as much arginine and threonine, and three times the amounts of tyrosine and methionine. Cat liver lectin contains four cysteine residues per subunit, all of them in the reduced form. Their lack of reactivity towards thiol-reactive supports suggests they are not exposed on the lectin surface. The protein apparently has a blocked N-terminus. The purified lectin was stable for up to 20 months stored at +4ºC in buffer supplemented with 4 mM ß-mercaptoethanol. Results indicated that this lectin belongs to the family of soluble ß-galactoside-binding lectins, also known as galectins, which are expressed in a wide range of vertebrate tissues.

Produção de galactooligossacarídeo por Scopulariopis sp.

Os galactooligossacarídeos (GOS) são um grupo de oligossacarídeos não digeríveis (NDOs), resistentes às enzimas digestivas do intestino com efeitos similares ao da fibra. Sua ingestão aumenta seletivamente o crescimento das Bifidobacterium e dos Lactobacilus no intestino. O benéfico da ingestão de galactooligossacarídeos ocorre pelo aumento dessas populações de bifidobactérias no cólon, suprimindo a atividade de bactérias putrefativas e reduzindo a formação de produtos tóxicos por fermentação. A cepa de Scopulariopsis sp. apresentou boa produtividade de β-galactosidase quando crescida em meio de fermentação semissólida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi extrair a enzima β-galactosidase produzida por uma linhagem de Scopulariopsis sp. e avaliar o efeito da temperatura, tempo de reação, concentração de enzima e lactose para produção de GOS. Foram analisadas as temperaturas 35, 45 e 60 °C, os tempos de reação 12, 24 e 48 horas, concentrações de enzima 0,5 a 10 U.mL-1 e 10, 25 e 40% (p/v) de solução de lactose (em 0,1 M de tampão acetato de sódio, pH 5.0). As condições ótimas foram de 40% (p/v), a 45 °C, 10 U.mL-1 de enzima e o melhor tempo foi de 12 horas de reação. Nessas condições, a enzima converteu 20% de lactose em oligossacarídeos (80,8 mg.mL-1 de 4'galactosyl-lactose).