Molecular analysis of an odorant-binding protein gene in two sympatric species of Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l.

Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and occurs as a species complex. DNA samples from two Brazilian sympatric species that differ in pheromone and courtship song production were used to analyse molecular polymorphisms in an odorant-binding protein ( obp29 ) gene. OBPs are proteins related to olfaction and are involved in activities fundamental to survival, such as foraging, mating and choice of oviposition site. In this study, the marker obp29 was found to be highly polymorphic in Lu. longipalpis s.l. , with no fixed differences observed between the two species. A pairwise fixation index test indicated a moderate level of genetic differentiation between the samples analysed.

A nuclear ribosomal DNA pseudogene in triatomines opens a new research field of fundamental and applied implications in Chagas disease

A pseudogene, designated as "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)", paralogous to the 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), has been recently found in many triatomine species distributed throughout North America, Central America and northern South America. Among characteristics used as criteria for pseudogene verification, secondary structures and free energy are highlighted, showing a lower fit between minimum free energy, partition function and centroid structures, although in given cases the fit only appeared to be slightly lower. The unique characteristics of "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)" as a processed or retrotransposed pseudogenic unit of the ghost type are reviewed, with emphasis on its potential functionality compared to the functionality of genes and spacers of the normal rDNA operon. Besides the technical problem of the risk for erroneous sequence results, the usefulness of "ps(5.8S+ITS-2)" for specimen classification, phylogenetic analyses and systematic/taxonomic studies should be highlighted, based on consistence and retention index values, which in pseudogenic sequence trees were higher than in functional sequence trees. Additionally, intraindividual, interpopulational and interspecific differences in pseudogene amount and the fact that it is a pseudogene in the nuclear rDNA suggests a potential relationships with fitness, behaviour and adaptability of triatomine vectors and consequently its potential utility in Chagas disease epidemiology and control.

An estimate of the potential number of mayfly species (Ephemeroptera, Insecta) still to be described in Brazil

ABSTRACTThis study reviewed the data on the Brazilian Ephemeroptera, based on the studies published before July, 2013, estimated the number of species still to be described, and identified which regions of the country have been the subject of least research. More than half the species are known from the description of only one developmental stage, with imagoes being described more frequently than nymphs. The Brazilian Northeast is the region with the weakest database. Body size affected description rates, with a strong tendency for the larger species to be described first. The estimated number of unknown Brazilian species was accentuated by the fact that so few species have been described so far. The steep slope of the asymptote and the considerable confidence interval of the estimate reinforce the conclusion that a large number of species are still to be described. This emphasizes the need for investments in the training of specialists in systematics and ecology for all regions of Brazil to correct these deficiencies, given the role of published papers as a primary source of information, and the fundamental importance of taxonomic knowledge for the development of effective measures for the conservation of ephemeropteran and the aquatic ecosystems they depend on.

Variation between three Eremanthus (Asteraceae) species in their ability to form a seed bank

Knowledge on seed bank function is fundamental for understanding the species regeneration patterns. This investigation was carried out to compare the ability of Eremanthus elaeagnus (Mart. ex DC.) Schultz-Bip, E. glomerulatus Less., and E. incanus (Less.) Less. to form a soil seed bank. Seeds (aquenes) of each of these three species were collected, stored in the laboratory and subsequently buried in the same area where they were collected, inside nylon bags. The bags were collected monthly or bimonthly for germination tests under continuous light and also in darkness at 20 °C (E. elaeagnus e E. glomerulatus) and at 25 °C (E. incanus). After 12 months, a further series of tests compared the germination of achenes that had been buried in soil and compared with those stored in the laboratory at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C. After three months of burial, the seeds of E. elaeagnus and E. glomerulatus failed to germinate, whereas the seeds of E. incanus, even after burial for 18 months, retained germination percentage of between 1% and 30%. After one year stored in laboratory, the seeds of E. glomerulatus were no longer viable and seeds of E. elaeagnus e E. incanus had a germination percentage below that of newly collected seeds. The results showed that E. elaeagnus and E. glomerulatus do not form seed banks while E. incanus may form a small and persistent soil seed bank.

Análise da freqüência fundamental, jitter, shimmer e intensidade vocal em crianças com transtorno fonológico

O transtorno fonológico é uma alteração de manifestação primária de causa indefinida que torna a fala ininteligível. A análise de parâmetros vocais torna-se importante no processo do diagnóstico deste transtorno, pois distúrbios de voz poderiam interferir na produção dos sons da fala. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as características vocais relacionadas à intensidade e freqüência fundamental - F0 - e seus índices de perturbação - jitter e shimmer - em crianças com transtorno fonológico. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico prospectivo com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram sujeitos 40 crianças distribuídas em dois grupos: 20 com transtorno fonológico e 20 sem alteração de fala e linguagem. Foram aplicadas provas de fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW e de fala espontânea. Utilizou-se o Computer Speech Lab, para gravação e análise acústica das vogais /a/, /e/, /i/, por meio dos parâmetros vocais: freqüência fundamental, intensidade, jitter e shimmer. RESULTADOS: F0 - vogal /e/ é menor, em média, para o Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico (126Hz) e 237Hz no Grupo Controle. Para o shimmer e jitter não há evidência de que as médias do Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico sejam diferentes das do Grupo Controle (p= 0,191, p=0,865 respectivamente). Quanto à intensidade, há evidência de que a média diferencia os dois grupos (p= 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência da vogal /e/ é menor no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Existe diferença entre grupos para as médias da intensidade das vogais /a/, /e/ e /i/, sendo estas menores no Grupo com Transtorno Fonológico. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre grupos para as médias do jitter e do shimmer.

Estudo da freqüência fundamental da voz de idosas portadoras de diferentes graus de perda auditiva

A deficiência auditiva, dentre outros, é um dos distúrbios mais referidos pela população idosa. Sabe-se que o sistema de feedback auditivo é primordial para o monitoramento dos parâmetros vocais, como a freqüência fundamenta. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a audição e os valores de F0 (freqüência fundamental) da voz de idosas portadores de diferentes graus de sensibilidade auditiva. FORMA DO ESTUDO: Transversal descritivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Amostra de 30 idosas, idades média de 76,23, portadoras de audição normal ou perda auditiva neurossensorial descendente simétrica. Foram submetidas a anamnese, avaliação auditiva (audiometria tonal limiar, IPRF e imitanciometria) e avaliação vocal. Os resultados de ambas as avaliações foram correlacionados. RESULTADOS: A F0 da produção vocal de idosas com perda leve (144,44) foi significantemente menor que para perda moderada (160,3), moderadamente severa (188,23) e severa (201,27), tanto utilizando a classificação de grau da perda auditiva para freqüências baixas como altas. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto mais elevado o grau da perda auditiva, maior o valor de freqüência fundamental encontrado.

Implicações do efeito Lombard sobre a intensidade, freqüência fundamental e estabilidade da voz de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson

A Doença de Parkinson afeta o sistema nervoso central resultando em alterações qualitativas da voz que pouco melhoram com o tratamento farmacológico e com a fonoterapia tradicional. Estudos mostram que o mascaramento auditivo leva ao aumento da intensidade da voz em indivíduos normais (Efeito Lombard). OBJETIVO: Avaliar implicações do efeito Lombard sobre a intensidade, freqüência fundamental e estabilidade da voz de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson (N=17). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico e experimental. Material e Métodos: Através de análise acústica, avaliamos as alterações de intensidade e freqüência fundamental, antes e depois da exposição a mascaramento auditivo "white noise", em 40, 70 e 90 dBNS, bem como as variações durante cada emissão e comparamos com um grupo controle (N=16). RESUTADOS: A intensidade de emissão vocal variou de acordo com a intensidade de mascaramento, tendendo a aumento não-linear, ocorrendo também nos grupos Parkinson e controle, não sendo influenciado pelo sexo. A freqüência fundamental da emissão vocal variou, tendendo a aumento não-linear, em ambos os grupos e sexos. Ocorreu melhora da estabilidade, tanto com relação à freqüência quanto à intensidade de emissão vocal. CONCLUSÃO: O Efeito Lombard elevou a intensidade e freqüência fundamental e melhorou a estabilidade da voz desses pacientes.

Species richness of anthophilous butterflies of an Atlantic Forest fragment in Southeastern Brazil

The objectives of this study were to identify anthophilous butterflies on psychophilous flowers of four Asteraceae species in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, and to determine whether there are species in common with other lepidopteran inventories of the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. It is the first inventory of anthophilous butterflies of a semideciduous forest fragment in Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais. A total of 108 species were recorded, representing the fourth largest lepidopteran survey in this State. The results demonstrated that Asteraceae species may be important tools for monitoring anthophilous butterflies. The similarity with other inventories ranged from 1 to 92.55%. Fifteen species were reported for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais, and among them, Melanis alena and Thisbe irenea were observed in this study only.

Soybean growth and yield after single tillage and species mixture of cover plants

The use of cover crops is important for the agricultural crop and soil management in order to improve the system and, consequently, to increase yield. Therefore, the present study analyzed the effect of crop residues of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) (BO) and a cocktail (CO) of BO, forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) (FT) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) (V) on the emergence speed index (ESI), seedling emergence speed (SES) plant height and soybean yield in different intervals between cover crop desiccation with glyphosate 480 (3 L ha-1) and BRS 232 cultivar sowing. Plots of 5 x 2.5 m with 1 m of border received four treatments with BO cover crops and four with CO as well as a control for each cover crop, at random, with five replications. The plots were desiccated in intervals of 1, 10, 20 and 30 days before soybean seeding. The harvest was manual while yield was adjusted to 13% of moisture content. The experimental design was completely randomized with splitplots and means compared by the Scott and Knott test at 5% of significance. The results showed that CO of cover crops can be recommended for soybean to obtain a more vigorous seedling emergence, from 10 days after cover crop desiccation.

Phytomass production and nutrient accumulation by green manure species

Green manuring is recognized as a viable alternative to improve nutrient cycling in soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production and nutrient accumulation in shoots of the summer green manures jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.], dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanvar var. Flavus DC.), dwarf mucuna [Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr] and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), under nitrogen fertilization and/or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria. A split plot design was arranged with the four Fabaceae species as main plots and nitrogen fertilization (with and without) and inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (with and without) as the subplots, in a 2² factorial. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the conditions of this trial, the sunn hemp had the highest production of shoot phytomass (12.4 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation, while the dwarf mucuna had the lowest production of shoot phytomass (3.9 Mg ha-1) and nutrient accumulation. The results showed no effect of nitrogen fertilization or inoculation with N-fixing bacteria on the production of shoot phytomass and nutrient accumulation, except for inoculation without nitrogen fertilization, resulting in greater P accumulation (p <0.05) in the sunn hemp and greater Zn and Mn accumulation in the dwarf mucuna. These findings indicate that N fertilization or inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria for Fabaceae are low efficiency practices in the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study.

Investimento público em educação fundamental e a qualidade do ensino: uma avaliação regional dos resultados do Fundef

Desde 1998, o financiamento da educação pública fundamental no Brasil está submetido a critérios de vinculação de receitas governamentais regulamentados pelo Fundef (Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valorização do Magistério). Entre os objetivos do fundo está o de garantir recursos mínimos para o investimento público em educação fundamental, assegurando a qualidade do ensino oferecido e, por conseguinte, a melhora na proficiência dos alunos. Com base nos dados de volume de recursos investidos no ensino fundamental via Fundef e nos resultados das Saebs (sinopses estatísticas da educação básica), este artigo analisa os efeitos dessa política pública sobre o desempenho dos alunos da rede pública de ensino fundamental brasileira. Os resultados apontam a importância do aporte financeiro e da qualificação do magistério para o aperfeiçoamento da qualidade da educação pública.

A new species of Culex (Melanoconion) from Southern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae)

A new species from Southern Brazil, named Culex (Melanoconion) ribeirensis is described. The description includes adults, pupal and larval stages, illustrating the morphological aspects and a picture of a breeding place. Some data about known distribution and bionomics are presented.

Vector competence experiments with Rocio virus and three mosquito species from the epidemic zone in Brazil

First-generation progeny of field-collected Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis, and Aedes serratus from the Rocio encephalitis epidemic zone in S.Paulo State, Brazil, were tested for vector competency in the laboratory. Psorophora ferox and Ae. scapularis are susceptible to per os infection with Rocio virus and can transmit the virus by bite following a suitable incubation period. Oral ID50S for the two species (10(4.1) and 10(4.3) Vero cell plaque forming units, respectively) did not differ significantly. Infection rates in Ae. serratus never exceeded 36%, and, consequently, an ID50 could not be calculated for this species. It is unlikely that Ae. serratus is an epidemiologically important vector of Rocio virus. The utility of an in vitro feeding technique for demonstrating virus transmission by infected mosquitoes and difficulties encountered in working with uncolonized progeny of field-collected mosquitoes are discussed.

Studies on some species of Culex (Melanoconion), with the description of a new one from Southern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae)

Redescription of Culex (Melanoconion) oedipus Root and of Cx. (Mel.) plectoporpe Root, as well as the description of a new one, named Cx. (Mel.) rabelloi, are made. The material was collected in S.Paulo State, Southern Brazil. The descriptions include adults, pupal and larval stages, illustrating the morphological aspects and with pictures of breeding places. Some data about known distribution and bionomics are presented, remarking that all the three species seem to be closely associated with artificial manmade enviroments.