On the possibility of autochthonous Chagas disease in Roraima, Amazon region, Brazil, 2000-2001

Chagas disease has been almost entirely eradicated from the arid zones in Central and Northeastern Brazil where rare or no autochthonous cases have been reported. However, in the last 10 years the disease has increasingly been registered in the Amazon Region. Aiming to investigate the possibility of the occurrence of autochthonous cycle of Chagas disease in Roraima, triatomine collections, vectorial susceptibility studies (this one to be shown elsewhere), parasitological and serological analyses were conducted in three agricultural settlement areas (Rorainópolis, Passarão Project and Ilha Community). Blood-donor candidates were also investigated. This is the first epidemiological survey on Chagas disease conducted in agricultural settlements in Roraima. Triatomine species found were Triatoma maculata, Rhodnius pictipes, Rhodnius robustus and Panstrongylus geniculatus. Trypanosoma cruzi detection analyses included xenodiagnosis, indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemaglutination, ELISA and kinetoplast PCR amplification. Natural triatomine infection was not found in intestinal contents. Twenty-five adult settlers (1.4% out of 1821, all > 15 year-old, 20 migrants) presented anti-T. cruzi antibodies. Two migrant settlers (from Minas Gerais and Maranhão) tested positive for more than two serological tests, besides either being positive for xenodiagnosis or PCR. Results show that Chagas disease is not endemic in the areas studied. However, all elements of the transmission cycle are present, demanding for an adequate and continuous vigilance.

A Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) population from Roraima, Amazon region, Brazil, has some bionomic characteristics of a potential Chagas disease vector

Even though Chagas disease is rare in the Brazilian Amazon, the conditions for the establishment of domiciliated cycles prevail in many areas where triatomines are of frequent occurrence. In Roraima, a previous serological and entomological survey in three agricultural settlements showed the existence of all transmission cycle elements, i.e., individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomine species previously found harboring T. cruzi in the broader Amazon region of neighboring countries and, domicile/ peridomicile conditions favorable to triatomine colonization. Triatoma maculata was the most frequent species, found in chicken houses in the peridomicile and sporadically within residences. Aiming to investigate the possibility of T. maculata to possess the potentiality to transmit T. cruzi in the area, bionomic characteristics were studied under laboratory conditions. These were feeding frequency, time for defecation after a blood meal, time elapsed in voluntary fasting pre- and pos-ecdysis, moulting time periods, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and index of oviposition, incubation period, egg viability, longevity and mortality rate. Results show that the Passarão population of T. maculata should be considered a potential vector of T. cruzi since it shows a capacity to infest artificial ecotopes in the peridomicile, to carry out large number of meals during the nymphal cycle, to have a relatively short developmental cycle capable of producing 2.9 generations/year, to blood source eclecticism, to defecate immediately after the blood meal while still on the host and to the fact that has been previously found naturally infected by T.cruzi.

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH CHAGAS DISEASE FOLLOWED BETWEEN 2005-2013 BY PHARMACEUTICAL CARE SERVICE IN CEARÁ STATE, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

By controlling the transmission of Chagas disease, the challenge of providing assistance to millions of infected patients that reach old age arises. In this study, the socioeconomic, demographic and comorbidity records of all elderly chagasic patients followed at the Pharmaceutical Care Service of the Chagas Disease Research Laboratory were assessed. The information related to the clinical form of the disease was obtained from medical records provided by the Walter Cantídio University Hospital. The profile of the studied population was: women (50.5%); mean age of 67 years; retired (54.6%); married (51.6 %); high illiteracy rate (40.2%); and family income equal to the minimum wage (51.5%). The predominant clinical forms of Chagas disease were cardiac (65.3%) and indeterminate (14.7%). The main electrocardiographic changes were the right bundle branch block (41.0%), associated or not with the anterosuperior left bundle branch block (27.4%). The average number of comorbidities per patient was 2.23 ± 1.54, with systemic arterial hypertension being the main one found (67.0%). It was found that the elderly comprise a vulnerable group of patients that associate aging with cardiac and/or digestive disorders resulting from the evolution of Chagas disease and other comorbidities, which requires special attention from health services to ensure more appropriate medical and social care.

PREVALENCE OF CHAGAS DISEASE IN A RURAL AREA IN THE STATE OF CEARA, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and affects about two to three million people in Brazil, still figuring as an important public health problem. A study was conducted in a rural area of the municipality of Limoeiro do Norte - CE, northeastern Brazil, aiming to determine the prevalence of T. cruzi infection. Of the inhabitants, 52% were examined, among whom 2.6% (4/154) were seropositive in at least two serological tests. All seropositive individuals were older than 50 years, farmers, with a low education and a family income of less than three minimum wages. Active surveillance may be an alternative for early detection of this disease.

Estudos sobre a epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no estado do Ceará - Brasil VI - estudos em uma micro-área de russas

Do Ceará, estado com problema de Doença de Chagas, Russas tem recebido a maior soma de investigações, verificando-se 11,6% de infecção humana, em 1959. Recentemente foram examinados cães, gatos e outros animais encontrando-se altas taxas de infecção. Selecionou-se, na presente pesquisa, uma micro-área (Fazenda Boa Vista) na região, onde haviam sido antes examinados 52 cães e 21 gatos, com 11 cães e 10 gatos positivos. Foram examinados mais 12 cães e 10 gatos, com 1 e 5 positivos, respectivamente, elevando-se a taxa de positividade global para 29,5%. Nessa micro-área foram examinados 125 pessoas pela RFC e pelo xenodiagnóstico, encontrando-se uma positividade de 7,2%. Desses positivos, 55% residem em casas com animal positivo, sendo que duas casas apresentaram duas pessoas positivas cada. Do total de xenos somente dois foram positivos. Na micro-área foram capturados 405 triatomíneos, com 27,7% positivos, dentro e fora das casas (galinheiros, currais, paredes externas, telheiros e alpendres). A espécie prevalente é o Triatoma brasiliensis (93,5%), encontrada dentro das casas (52,8%) com taxa de infecção de 30,2% e fora das casas (47,2%) com 24,6% de infecção. No total da região examinada na pesquisa anterior, as taxas de infecção foram 19,6% dentro das casas e 21,8% fora. A segunda espécie é o T. pseudomaculata (5,4%), encontrado mais fora das casas (72,8%) e infectado 25%. Foram capturados 8 exemplares de P. megistus sempre fora das casas, sendo 4 na micro-área; 5 exemplares estavam infectados. Na micro-área, tal como em 2 outras áreas da região, foram encontrados roedores domésticos e marsupiais com T. cruzi: 4 em 10 Rattus rattus e 1 em 3 Didelphis azarae, tal como já havia sido verificado por um dos AA. em outras áreas do Estado. Conclui-se pela existência de um dinâmico ciclo doméstico e paradoméstico de circulação do T. cruzi na micro-área, com abundantes oportunidades de infecção do homem e dos animais domésticos.

Epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará VIII - estudo da infecção de animais por T. cruzi no município de Morada Nova

Foram examinados 1.368 mamíferos em ecótopos naturais ou artificiais: 443 cães com 2,5% positivos; 605 gatos com 0,7%, 65 roedores domésticos com 4,6%, 6 coelhos e 10 cobaias negativos. Dentre os animais silvestres, foram examinados 115 preás (Galea s. spixii) com 2,3% positivos, 12 "cassacos" (Didelphis azarae) dos quais 9 positivos; 5 quirópteros, 5 punáres (Cercomys c. laurentius) e 3 pebas (Dasypus sexcinctus) negativos. A amostra apresentada é suficiente para considerada a existência de ciclos doméstico e silvestre de T. cruzi na área estudada e considerada endêmica da Doença de Chagas.

Epidemiologic studies of chagas' disease in the urban zone of Teresina. State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil

The triatomine species Rhodnius nasutus and Triatoma pseudomaculata were captured on palm trees Orbignya martiana "babaçu ", in the urban zone of Teresina. This kind of palm tree is largely distributed in Piauí State. The predominant species was R. nasutus; the young in stars predominated. The infestation index of palm trees and the infection index of triatomines by flagellates were 96.0 ana 29.1%, respectively. Marsupiais, bats and a rodent were captured in palm trees. The flagellates found in both triatomines ana marsupiais were morphologically and biologically indistinguishable from Trypanosoma cruzi. Forty seven percent (481/1,025) of triatomines were found concentrated in six palm trees where marsupiais circulated. Of the total of 1,025 triatomines 230 (22%) were infected by flagellates and 53.0% (123/230) of these infected triatomines were present in the same six palm trees. No evidence of triatomine domiciliation or human transmission was observed in the houses in the vicinity of palm trees. The results suggest that marsupiais play an important role in the life-cycle of T. cruzi in this region. The natural focus of Chagas' disease, demonstrated in the present study could represent a potential epidemiological threat.

Epidemiologia da doença de Chagas nos Municípios de Castelo do Piauí e Pedro II, Estado do Piauí, Brasil

O Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata e Rhodnius nasutus foram capturados em ecótopos artificiais e naturais em dez localidades situadas na área rural dos municípios de Castelo do Piauí e Pedro II, Estado do Piauí, Brasil. O estádio de ninfa foi predominante e as aves foram a principal fonte alimentar dos triatomíneos. O único triatomíneo capturado no interior dos domicílios investigados foi o T. brasiliensis que albergava flagelados morfo e biologicamente indistinguíveis do Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. A sorologia específica contra o T. cruzipor imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) revelou 21,7% de positividade entre 566 habitantes examinados. Os resultados sugerem que nessas localidades ocorre a transmissão ativa da doença de Chagas.

Acute Chagas disease outbreak associated with oral transmission

Seven individuals living in a town in the Southwest of Bahia developed sudden signs of cardiac and systemic impairment, with lethality of 28.6%. Serological tests were positive at least in one test in the five patients examined. Forty percent of the Triatoma sordida mynphs found inside or around Trypanosoma cruzi were found by blood culturig in there out five cases the homes of these cases were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission probably occurred through consumption of water contaminated with triatomine feces. These findings emphasize the necessity to evaluation the importance of vectors like Triatoma sordida in maintaining the endemicity of this disease.

Os primórdios do controle da doença de Chagas (em homenagem a Emmanuel Dias, pioneiro do controle, no centenário de seu nascimento)

Carlos Chagas se apercebe precocemente da necessidade do controle da doença, frente ao seu impacto social e grande dispersão. O vetor é o elo mais vulnerável e a melhoria da habitação a estratégia mais exeqüível. Em paralelo, há que dar-se visibilidade à doença, para justificar o controle. Como primeiras tentativas concretas, Souza Araújo pleiteará reformas de vivendas, no Paraná (1918), e Ezequiel Dias e cols ensaiarão inúmeros compostos químicos contra os triatomíneos (1921). A luta anti triatomínica será retomada por Emmanuel Dias a partir de 1944, em Bambuí, re testando compostos antigos, lança chamas e gás cianídrico. Em 1946 decepciona-se com o DDT, mas, em 1947, com Pellegrino ensaia com êxito o gammexane (BHC PM). Aliando-se a Pinotti, logo partem para ensaios de campo no Triângulo Mineiro, justificando expansão para outras áreas. A estratégia básica é a luta química continuada, em áreas endêmicas contínuas. Em 1959, Pedreira de Freitas descreve o expurgo seletivo, formatando a etapa de avaliação, da SUCEN e da futura SUCAM. Em 1975, o programa nacional é normatizado e armam-se inquéritos nacionais (triatomíneos e sorológico). Em 1979 ensaiam-se novos piretróides e em1983 o programa nacional é expandido. Estudada desde 1950 pelo grupo de Nussenzweig, em São Paulo, a transmissão transfusional mostra-se vulnerável ao controle por quimioprofilaxia e seleção sorológica de doadores, mas só se implementa, em definitivo, nos anos 1980, com a emergência da pandemia de HIV/AIDS. Praticamente desde os trabalhos pioneiros, o controle da tripanossomíase evidenciou-se eficiente, desde que continuado e sustentado por ações educativas e por decisão política.

Clinical and serological evolution in chronic Chagas disease patients in a 4-year pharmacotherapy follow-up: a preliminary study

Introduction The role of trypanocidal therapy in the chronic phase of Chagas disease remains controversial. Methods A total of 13 patients with chronic Chagas disease were treated with benznidazole (5mg/kg/day/60 days) and surveyed via antibody measurement and conventional electrocardiogram over the course of 4 years. Results The antibody titers were significantly reduced after 4 years (p<0.05). Most of the patients showed maintenance of the initial clinical picture (electrocardiographic), with the exception of 4 cases. Conclusions Although trypanocidal therapy in the chronic phase of Chagas disease was of limited effectiveness, we believe that it is beneficial in treating these patients.

Serological diagnosis of Chagas disease in HIV-infected patients

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the rate of request for the serological diagnosis of Chagas disease among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated at the Specialized Care Service of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used secondary data obtained from the medical records of 252 patients aged between 18 and 75 years. RESULTS: The serological diagnosis of Chagas disease was requested only in 3.2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate poor adherence to protocols on the part of healthcare professionals, indicating the need to reevaluate the procedures applied to HIV-infected patients from endemic regions for both diseases.

Estratégias de prevenção do acidente vascular encefálico cardioembólico na doença de Chagas

FUNDAMENTO: O acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) cardioembólico é uma manifestação clínica importante da cardiopatia chagásica crônica, no entanto, ainda não foram definidos sua incidência e os fatores de risco associados a este evento. OBJETIVO: Definir estratégias de prevenção de uma complicação freqüente e incapacitante da doença de Chagas, o AVEi cardioembólico. MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1990 a março de 2002, 1.043 pacientes com doença de Chagas foram recrutados e acompanhados até março de 2003 em um estudo prospectivo e observacional de coorte. Por meio da regressão de Cox foi desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se correlacionou com a incidência anual desse evento: 4-5 pontos, > 4%; 3 pontos, 2% a 4%; 2 pontos, 1% a 2 %; e 0-1 ponto, < 1%. Foram avaliadas a eficácia e a segurança de duas coortes de tratamento: grupo 1, 52 pacientes em uso de varfarina por 14 ± 14 meses, mantendo INR 2-3; e grupo 2, 104 pacientes em uso de ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) 200 mg/dia, por 22 ± 21 meses. RESULTADOS: No grupo 1, a taxa anual de sangramento maior necessitando hemotransfusão foi de 1,9%, sem ocorrência de AVEi. Por meio da regressão de Cox foram identificadas 4 variáveis independentes associadas ao evento (disfunção sistólica, aneurisma apical, alteração primária da repolarização ventricular e idade > 48 anos) sendo desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se relacionou com a incidência anual desse evento. No grupo 2, não houve complicações hemorrágicas, e a incidência anual de AVEi foi de 3,2%, todos em pacientes com 4-5 pontos. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio da análise de risco-benefício, varfarina estaria indicada aos pacientes com 4-5 pontos, cuja incidência de evento supera a taxa de sangramento maior. No subgrupo de 3 pontos, as taxas de evento e sangramento com anticoagulante se equivalem, sendo indicados AAS ou varfarina, conforme o risco individual de sangramento ou embolização. Nos pacientes com 2 pontos, com baixa incidência de AVEi, seriam recomendados AAS ou nenhuma profilaxia. Os pacientes com 0-1 ponto, com incidência do evento próxima a zero, não necessitam de profilaxia.

Assessment of Galectin-3 Polymorphism in Subjects with Chronic Chagas Disease

AbstractBackground:Galectin-3, a β-galactoside binding lectin, has been described as a mediator of cardiac fibrosis in experimental studies and as a risk factor associated with cardiovascular events in subjects with heart failure. Previous studies have evaluated the genetic susceptibility to Chagas disease in humans, including the polymorphisms of cytokine genes, demonstrating correlations between the genetic polymorphism and cardiomyopathy development in the chronic phase. However, the relationship between the galectin-3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and phenotypic variations in Chagas disease has not been evaluated.Objective:The present study aimed to determine whether genetic polymorphisms of galectin-3 may predispose to the development of cardiac forms of Chagas disease.Methods:Fifty-five subjects with Chagas disease were enrolled in this observational study. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping the variants rs4644 and rs4652 of the galectin-3 gene.Results:For the SNP rs4644, the relative risk for the cardiac form was not associated with the genotypes AA (OR = 0.79, p = 0.759), AC (OR = 4.38, p = 0.058), or CC (OR = 0.39, p = 0.127). Similarly, for the SNP rs4652, no association was found between the genotypes AA (OR = 0.64, p = 0.571), AC (OR = 2.85, p = 0.105), or CC (OR = 0.49, p = 0.227) and the cardiac form of the disease.Conclusion:Our results showed no association between the different genotypes for both SNPs of the galectin-3 gene and the cardiac form of Chagas disease. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)