The miR-17-92 cluster regulates FOG-2 expression and inhibits proliferation of mouse embryonic cardiomyocytes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have gradually been recognized as regulators of embryonic development; however, relatively few miRNAs have been identified that regulate cardiac development. A series of recent papers have established an essential role for the miRNA-17-92 (miR-17-92) cluster of miRNAs in the development of the heart. Previous research has shown that the Friend of Gata-2 (FOG-2) is critical for cardiac development. To investigate the possibility that the miR-17-92 cluster regulates FOG-2 expression and inhibits proliferation in mouse embryonic cardiomyocytes we initially used bioinformatics to analyze 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTR) of FOG-2 to predict the potential of miR-17-92 to target it. We used luciferase assays to demonstrate that miR-17-5p and miR-20a of miR-17-92 interact with the predicted target sites in the 3’UTR of FOG-2. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to demonstrate the post-transcriptional regulation of FOG-2 by miR-17-92 in embryonic cardiomyocytes from E12.5-day pregnant C57BL/6J mice. Finally, EdU cell assays together with the FOG-2 rescue strategy were employed to evaluate the effect of proliferation on embryonic cardiomyocytes. We first found that the miR-17-5p and miR-20a of miR-17-92 directly target the 3’UTR of FOG-2 and post-transcriptionally repress the expression of FOG-2. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that over-expression of miR-17-92 may inhibit cell proliferation via post-transcriptional repression of FOG-2 in embryonic cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that the miR-17-92 cluster regulates the expression of FOG-2 protein and suggest that the miR-17-92 cluster might play an important role in heart development.

A importância do controle de qualidade de processadoras automáticas

O controle de qualidade de processadoras automáticas é um dos aspectos mais importantes na implementação de programas de garantia de qualidade em radiodiagnóstico. Um programa piloto de garantia de qualidade para processadoras automáticas utilizando o método sensitométrico foi implementado no serviço de mamografia de um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro. Inicialmente foi feita uma avaliação das condições de funcionamento de todas as câmaras escuras do hospital. Foi constatado que apresentavam altos níveis de temperatura e umidade relativa ambiental e várias entradas de luz; nível de fog elevado, que tornava necessário um aumento de até 24% na mAs para compensar a perda de contraste; tempo de processamento seco-a-seco com erros de até 56%; temperatura do revelador de 39°C (4°C a mais do que o recomendado pelo fabricante); taxa de reposição dos produtos químicos com erros de até 417% acima do recomendado pelo fabricante; e índices de rejeição de filmes da ordem de 21%. Medidas sensitométricas feitas antes da implementação do projeto acusaram valores de base + fog de 0,24 densidade óptica, assim como velocidade e contraste fora dos limites recomendados. Os filmes apresentavam vários artefatos produzindo imagens de baixa qualidade. O projeto piloto consistiu na implementação do programa de garantia de qualidade no setor de mamografia do hospital. Muitas outras iniciativas contribuíram para o sucesso do projeto, tais como: treinamento dos técnicos de mamografia, melhor manutenção do mamógrafo e, especialmente, o aumento do número médio de pacientes por dia, de 7 para 12, o que contribuiu para a estabilidade da processadora. Esta iniciativa permitiu que a taxa de reposição dos produtos químicos fosse reduzida a níveis aceitáveis. A implementação do controle de qualidade manteve os parâmetros sensitométricos sob controle. O maior ganho com a implantação do programa foi a melhoria da qualidade da imagem, sem artefatos, com redução significativa dos custos do serviço e, especialmente, a redução das doses nos pacientes, em virtude da diminuição dos índices de rejeição dos filmes para 7,7%.

Floristic composition and phytogeography of the tree component of Araucaria Forest fragments in southern Brazil

The present study examined the floristic composition of three fragments of Araucaria Forest (AF) in the Planalto Catarinense region of southern Brazil as well as the floristic contextualization of these areas in relation to other remnant AF sites. Three AF fragments at different altitudes were analyzed in the municipalities of Campos Novos, Lages, and Painel. Fifty 200 m² plots were examined in each fragment and all of the trees with CBH (circumference at breast height) > 15.7 cm were identified. In order to floristically contextualize the study fragments, comparisons were made with other remnant AF sites by way of dendrograms and NMDS (Non-metric multidimensional scaling). Environmental and spatial variables were plotted on the diagram produced by the NMDS to evaluate their influence on the floristic patterns encountered. The forest fragments studied demonstrated high floristic heterogeneity, indicating that AFs cannot be considered homogeneous formations and they could be classified into 3 phytogeographical categories: i) high altitude areas influenced by cloud cover/fog, including the Painel region; ii) areas of lesser altitude and greater mean annual temperatures situated in the Paraná River basin, and iii) areas situated in the Paraná and Upper-Uruguay river basins and the smaller basins draining directly into the southern Atlantic, near Campos Novos and Lages. The environmental variables most highly correlated with species substitutions among the sites were altitude, mean annual temperature, and the mean temperature of the most humid trimester.

A simple method to assess freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients

Freezing of gait (FOG) can be assessed by clinical and instrumental methods. Clinical examination has the advantage of being available to most clinicians; however, it requires experience and may not reveal FOG even for cases confirmed by the medical history. Instrumental methods have an advantage in that they may be used for ambulatory monitoring. The aim of the present study was to describe and evaluate a new instrumental method based on a force sensitive resistor and Pearson's correlation coefficient (Pcc) for the assessment of FOG. Nine patients with Parkinson's disease in the "on" state walked through a corridor, passed through a doorway and made a U-turn. We analyzed 24 FOG episodes by computing the Pcc between one "regular/normal" step and the rest of the steps. The Pcc reached ±1 for "normal" locomotion, while correlation diminished due to the lack of periodicity during FOG episodes. Gait was assessed in parallel with video. FOG episodes determined from the video were all detected with the proposed method. The computed duration of the FOG episodes was compared with those estimated from the video. The method was sensitive to various types of freezing; although no differences due to different types of freezing were detected. The study showed that Pcc analysis permitted the computerized detection of FOG in a simple manner analogous to human visual judgment, and its automation may be useful in clinical practice to provide a record of the history of FOG.