Citrus root distribution under water stress grown in sandy soil of central Florida

The experiment was conducted in an orchard located in University of Florida (Citrus Research and Education Center), Lake Alfred, Polk County, Florida, USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress in root distribution of 'Valencia' orange tree on 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstock. Three treatments were imposed on the trees: 1) normal irrigation with microsprinklers, 2) no irrigation in winter (November through mid-March) and 3) rainfall exclusion by placing a water repelling fabric (Tyvek) under the trees. Trees in treatments 1 and 2 received normal rainfall during the winter, but treatment 3 received no rain. Normal irrigation was resumed on all treatments in mid March. Soil was collected using root auger head (0.09 m diameter and height 0.25 m) in two opposing quadrants (West and East at 3 horizontal distances from tree trunk (1, 2 and 3 m) and 4 depths (0.0-0.15; 0.15-0.30; 0.30-0.60 and 0.60-0.90 m). The results from root sampling showed that there was a significant difference in root distribution between irrigated treatment and non irrigated/non rainfall.

Woody Gall symptoms in different citrus species and varieties artificially colonized by the citrus brown aphid Toxoptera citricidus

Seedlings of 41 different citrus species and varieties were massively colonized with the citrus brown aphid Toxoptera citricidus, obtained from Pêra sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees, presenting symptoms of the "Capão Bonito" complex of the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The objective was to evaluate resistance or tolerance of the varieties to that virus complex, but even after eight months of inoculation no stem pitting was observed in the plants. Otherwise, the presence of galls similar to those induced by the vein enation-woody gall disease was observed in 73% of the plants of Volkamer Palermo (Citrus volkameriana), 60% of the Volkamer Catania 2, 2% of the Rangpur Lime D.22.30 (Citrus limonia), 13% of the Volkamer Australian Red, the Rangpur Lime hybrid, the Orlando tangelo (Citrus reticulata x Citrus paradisi) and the Florida Rough lemon (C. jambhiri), and 7% of the Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis). The highest incidence and the largest gall size were observed in the Palermo Volkamer showing that this clone would be the most suitable to be used as an indicator plant in biological indexing tests for the disease. There are no previous reports in the literature about the occurrence of woody galls in Orlando tangelo and Carrizo citrange.

Poda e raleio manual de tangerineira (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) cv. Montenegrina no Sudoeste do Paraná

O bom calibre e a coloração adequada dos frutos cítricos para consumo in natura são importantes fatores de qualidade que elevam o seu consumo e melhoram os preços do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de raleio manual dos frutos e da poda sobre a produção e qualidade dos frutos da tangerina Montenegrina. O experimento foi realizado em pomar comercial no município de Dois Vizinhos, no Sudoeste do Paraná. O experimento bifatorial (raleio x poda) constituiu-se dos seguintes tratamentos. 1) sem raleio e sem poda (testemunha); 2) sem raleio, com poda; 3) 33% de raleio, sem poda; 4) 33% de raleio, com poda; 5) 66% de raleio, sem poda; e 6) 66% de raleio, com poda. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completamente casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída por uma planta. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado, concluiu-se que o raleio nas intensidades de 33 e 66% promove aumento da massa fresca, melhora a cor da epiderme, aumenta o diâmetro e melhora a classificação comercial dos frutos da tangerina Montenegrina. A poda leve, de abertura e levantamento da base da copa, não contribui para a melhoria da qualidade dos frutos.

STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING INDUCES SOPHISTICATION OF CAPITAL BUDGETING

This article compares capital budgeting techniques employed in listed and unlisted companies in Brazil. We surveyed the Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of 398 listed companies and 300 large unlisted companies, and based on 91 respondents, the results suggest that the CFOs of listed companies tend to use less simplistic methods more often, for example: NPV and CAPM, and that CFOs of unlisted companies are less likely to estimate the cost of equity, despite being large companies. These findings indicate that stock exchange listing may require greater sophistication of the capital budgeting process.

Mites (Arachnida, Acari) on Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck orange trees in the state of Amazonas, Northern Brazil

Despite the importance of citriculture in Brazil, very little is known about mite populations in citrus crops in the Northern Region. In the municipality of Manaus, 12 sprayed sweet orange orchards were surveyed every two weeks during seven months to record mite species amount, and to describe the abundance and distribution of the most important species. The size and age of the orchards varied from 3,360 to 88,080 m² and seven to 25 years, respectively. In the fourteen sampling period, leaves, twigs and fruits were collected from 12 trees, one per orchard. In total, 3,360 leaves, 672 twigs and 1,344 fruits were sampled from 168 trees. Mites were manually extracted from the fruits, and by the washing method on leaves and twigs. We identified pests with the potential to cause economic loss. Fourteen species of phytophagous and mycophagous mites from Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Tenuipalpidae, and Tetranychidae were recorded. Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes 1939) and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashm., 1879), the two commonest phytophagous mites in other Brazilian regions were dominant, showing that local orchards are susceptible to their infestation. Eleven predatory mites were recorded, comprising 10% of the mite population, belonging to Phytoseiidae and Ascidae. Phytoseiidae was the richest family, with ten species. The results are discussed in relation to the temporal variation aspects and habitat use of the most important species. Long-term research encompassing chemical applications followed by evaluations of the mite community are necessary for a better management of the orchards, taking into consideration the seasonal phenology of key pests.

Gas exchange during exercise in different evolutional stages of chronic Chagas' heart disease

OBJECTIVE: To compare gas exchange at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease grouped according to the Los Andes clinical/hemodynamic classification. METHODS: We studied 15 healthy volunteers and 52 patients grouped according to the Los Andes clinical/hemodynamic classification as follows: 17 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram/echocardiogram), 9 patients in group IB (normal electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram), 14 patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram/echocardiogram, without congestive heart failure), and 12 patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram/echocardiogram with congestive heart failure). The following variables were analyzed: oxygen consumption (V O2), carbon dioxide production (V CO2), gas exchange rate (R), inspiratory current volume (V IC), expiratory current volume (V EC), respiratory frequency, minute volume (V E), heart rate (HR), maximum load, O2 pulse, and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (AT). RESULTS: When compared with the healthy group, patients in groups II and III showed significant changes in the following variables: V O2peak, V CO2peak, V ICpeak, V ECpeak, E, HR, and maximum load. Group IA showed significantly better results for these same variables as compared with group III. CONCLUSION: The functional capacity of patients in the initial phase of chronic Chagas' heart disease is higher than that of patients in an advanced phase and shows a decrease that follows the loss in cardiac-hemodynamic performance.

Análise de poliembrionia em Citrus, máxime em toranjas

1 - This paper is a joined publication of the Dept. of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, and Secção de Citricultura e Frutas Tropicais, Instituto Agronômico, de Campinas, and deal with the number of seed per fruit and the polyembryony in Citrus, with special reference to the pummelos (C. grandis). 2 - For C. pectinifera, hibrid limon x acid lime, C. histrix and Citrus sp. the mean of seeds per fruit is 5,8 - 17,3 - 30,2 -94,6; for 14 pummelos the average was 100 and the range of variation 11 to 185 seeds per fruit. For the four above mentioned Citrus the cotyledons were classified into 3 types: big (near 8 mm.), medium (near 6 mm) and small (near 4 mm) and for the pummelos there was only one size of cotyledons, about 10 mm (table 1). 3 - The polyembryony was determined by two processes: a) counting of the embryos in the mature seed; b) counting after germination in flats or seed-beds. The rasults obtained are in table 2; the process a gave larger results than process b.The following pummelos are monoembryonics: melancia, inerme, Kaune Paune, sunshine, vermelha, Singapura, periforme, Zamboa, doce, Indochina, Lau-Tau, Shantenyau and Siamesa. Sometime it was found a branching of the main stem that gave a impression of polyembryonic seeds. 4 - It was shown by the x2 test that the distribution of embryo numbers fits the Poisson's series (table 2) in both processes. 5 - It is discussed in table 2 the variability of polyembryony for the following cases: a) between plants, within years. The teste for the differences of mean of polyembryony between 3 plants of C. pectinifera is statistically significant in 1948 and 1949; b) between yields of the same plant, within year. The same case of C. pectinifera may be used for this purpose; c) between process, within year. It is shown in table 3, for C. pectinifera and the hibrid "limon x acid lime" that there is a statistically signicicant between both process above mentioned.

A relação K/Mg em plantas jovens de laranjeira (Citrus sinensis L., Var. D.A.C)

A análise das folhas das plantas revelaram que a absorção de Mg e de K aumentaram com a concentração do elemento respectivo na solução. O Mg não interferiu na absorção do K nos tratamentos correspondentes à omissão e dose 2 deste nutriente; nos tratamentos correspondentes à dose 1, 48 p.p.m. de Mg nas, soluções nutritivas estimularam a absorção de K. O K inibiu a absprção de Mg nos tratamentos correspondentes às doses 0 e 2 deste elemento: quanto na presença da dose 1, 234, p.p.m. de K nas soluções nutritivas determinaram maior concentração de Mg nas folhas. O K teve ação antagônica sobre o Ca; o Mg teve efeito semelhante só quando na presença da dose mais elevada de K. Na ausência desse elemento ou na presença de 234 p.p.m. dele o efeito do Mg foi quadrático.

Influência da borbulha de clones velhos e nucelares na muda de Citrus

Foram estudados para 4 cultivares de laranjas-doces, a utilização do mesmo tecido somático, porém de duas origens - do clone velho original e do nucelar na obtenção de mudas de Citrus. Observou-se influência das borbulhas de origem nucelar no vigor das mudas e sua expressão de juvenilidade através da presença de espinhos. Confirmou-se que a presença de espinhos está ligada à fase juvenil e não ao vigor vegetativo.

Persistência da fase juvenil em clones nucelares de Citrus

Estudou-se a persistência da fase juvenil em clones de Citrus expressa pela presença de espinhos. Os 8 clones observados pertencem à coleção básica de matrizes nucelares do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. A verificação dos espinhos foi realizada nas mudas obtidas a partir das borbulhas retiradas de varias posições das arvores matrizes, que tinham na oportunidade 24 e 18 ano de idade. Constatou-se a presença de tecidos juvenis em todas as mudas obtidas, com intensidade variável em função da posição da árvo re de onde se obteve a borbulha. Verificou--se ainda variação no numero e tamanho dos espinhos entre clones, provavelmente influindo nesse fator, a origem da borbulha do seedling original, e a intensidade de poda realizada nas arvores matrizes.

Altura e exposição de enxertia em mudas de laranja "pera' (Citrus sinensis (L: ) osbeck) sobre porta-enxerto de limão 'cravo' (Citrus limonia osbeck)

Em condições de campo, borbulhas de laranja 'Pera' foram enxertadas sobre porta-enxertos de limão 'Cravo'. As alturas de enxertia utilizadas foram 5, 10, 20 e 40 cm acima do colo dos porta - enxertos nas exposições norte, sul, leste e oeste. Utilizou-se como método de forçamento do enxerto, o corte parcial do porta-enxerto pouco acima da enxertia com envergamento (pique). As alturas e as exposições de enxertia não afetaram o pegamento dos enxertos. Ovigor das mudas não foi afetado pelas exposições de enxertia, mas foi pelas alturas. As alturas de 5 e 10 cm promoveram maior desenvolvimento e maior diâmetro da haste principal do enxerto.

Efeito de diferentes porta-enxertos no vigor e produtividade da laranjeira 'pera' (Citrus sinensis L.) Osbeck)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de oito porta-enxertos no vigor, produção e produtividade da laranjeira 'Pera'. Para a realização deste estudo utilizaram-se plantas de um experimento instalado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso. Os porta-enxertos estudados foram: limoeiros 'Cravo', 'Volkameriano' e 'Rugoso da Flórida', tangerineiras 'Cleópatra' e 'Sunki', laranjeira 'Caipira', 'Trifoliata' e citrange 'Carrizo'. Os resultados revelaram que os porta-enxertos tangerineiras 'Cleópatra' e 'Sunki' e limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida' induziram a um maior desenvolvimento das plantas da laranjeira 'Pera'. Os porta-enxertos limoeiros 'Volkameriano' , 'Rugoso da Flórida' e 'Cravo' e as tangerineiras 'Sunki' e 'Cleópatra' induziram as maiores produções totais. Os maiores valores de índice de eficiência (produção (kg)/m³ copa) foram constatados em plantas sobre 'Trifoliata', citrange 'Carrizo' e limoeiro 'Cravo'. Características desses porta-enxertos são discutidas.