Contemporary issues in the government and administration of Latin American megacities

This paper is the first to systematically analyze and compare the structures of city governance and administration for seven major cities in Latin America, four of which are megacities (population of over 10 million), and three others are large national capitals. U.S. and U. K. models of city administration are reviewed as baseline models against which differences in Latin American may be explored. Structures of Government in Latin America show several important features and trends: 1) the lack of metropolitan (cross jurisdictional) authority; 2) the existence of strong mayors and weak councils"; 3) high levels of partisanship; 4) overlapping rather than interlocking bureaucracies; 5) pressures towards the privatization of city services, but continuing tension over the desirability of public versus private control; 6) greater fiscal responsibility and autonomy; and 7), a continuing marginalization of public participation in megacity governance.In spite of these features, many cities throughout the region (regardless of whether they are megacity size or national capitals), are actively intensifying their efforts to develop more effective, accountable and democratic governance structures.

A política de dividendos como geradora de economia fiscal e do desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais: uma proposta criativa

A fome fiscal do governo brasileiro tem sido reclamada constantemente pelo empresariado local. Apesar disso, e sabendo que a taxação dos dividendos não existe, ao mesmo tempo em que a sobre ganhos de capital foi instituída, podemos verificar que através da aplicação de uma política de dividendos criativa por parte das empresas é possível diminuir a carga tributária e, ao mesmo tempo, criar condições para o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais. Além da obtenção da economia fiscal, os investidores das companhias abertas podem encontrar maior liquidez nas bolsas de valores e a conseqüente valorização das suas ações. A viabilização desta política de dividendos é sugerida e discutida no presente trabalho.

Gifted: the monolingualism of corporate social responsibility

Acts of Corporate Social Responsibility are more often than not portrayed as success-story narratives. A quasi-ethnographic study in Senegal shatters the underlying assumptions of these accounts. First a computer donation from a Northern country is described with all the usual incidents and related vocabulary. Later, during a visit to a Senegalese rubbish dump, the story starts to falter, as countless questions arise about what is actually going on there, and how we can know and represent it (both as a portrayal and as a voice). A tipping point in an interview serves to reveal the ambiguities of the position adopted and the difficulties of expressing oneself in a different language. The CSR language is described as a kind of monolingualism, which employs a particular vocabulary and grammar for what is said or thought. This is the monolingualism of the other. Some of the implications of this monolingualism are examined, and this leads to the conclusion that there is a need to take measures with regard to the CSR language and that more than one language is needed to speak about CSR.

Corporate social responsibility practices at brazilian firms

Corporate Social Responsibility practices have been on the rise in recent years in firms all over the world. Brazil, as one of the most important countries emerging on the international scene, is no exception to this, with more and more firms taking up these practices. The present study focuses on analyzing the corporate social responsibility practices that Brazilian companies engage into. The sample used is comprised of 500 firms grouped by geographical area; the theoretical framework is based on stakeholder and institutional theories; and the technique used for the analysis is the biplot, more specifically the HJ Biplot and cluster analysis. From the results obtained it is possible to infer that the CSR variables corresponding to environmental practices are more closely linked to companies located in the northern areas of Brazil. Social and community practices are related to companies primarily in the southern and northeastern regions of the country.

RELATION BETWEEN BACKGROUND VARIABLES, VALUES AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

ABSTRACT Consumer perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be directly influenced by individual value structures. This research aims to provide new knowledge regarding the relationship between basic human values and the public's perception of CSR. It focuses on the values of higher education students and their views regarding a particular corporate social initiative. The study reveals that social, educational, and economic circumstances influence human values. Those values in turn influence why different students perceive CSR differently. These findings are relevant to companies as they provide a more detailed understanding of why certain consumer groups perceive certain CSR initiatives the way that they do. They also suggest that universities should increase their awareness of the importance of integrating human values and CSR in the curricula of future business managers and social leaders.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: THE SPANISH CASE

ABSTRACT The enormous interest aroused by corporate social responsibility both in the academic and the business worlds forms the background for this study. Its objective is to analyze the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance in view of the debate in the literature on the subject. The study focuses on a sample of Spanish companies taken from the IBEX 35 stock market index, using panel data methodology, which offers advantages in comparison to methodologies used in other studies. We analyzed the period from 2003 to 2010. Our findings suggest that there is no obvious relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial results, at least in the case of Spain.

Educação fiscal: premissa para melhor percepção da questão tributária

Tributo é elemento inerente à existência do Estado, necessário à organização da sociedade e ponto nevrálgico da relação Estado-cidadão. Este artigo explora os conceitos teóricos da educação fiscal e da administração pública para, por meio de dados empíricos, discutir alternativas para aproximar os interesses do Estado aos do cidadão. Os sujeitos investigados são caracterizados como administradores-empresários. Os resultados revelam falta de sintonia entre o que o cidadão espera e está disposto a contribuir com aquilo que o governo oferece e exige em tributos. Implantar programas de educação fiscal é uma alternativa que possibilita ao contribuinte conhecer o Estado e sua estrutura, a função socioeconômica dos tributos, o valor da arrecadação tributária, além de incentivar o acompanhamento da aplicação dos recursos arrecadados.

O impacto da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal no desempenho financeiro e na execução orçamentária dos municípios no Rio Grande do Sul de 1997 a 2004

Este trabalho analisa através de indicadores os orçamentos e os dados dos balanços dos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 1997 a 2004, com objetivo de avaliar o impacto que a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) teve sobre o desempenho financeiro e na execução orçamentária. Para tal avaliação, utilizou-se de um modelo de regressão, com dados em painel, e constatou-se que os resultados na expressiva maioria dos indicadores apresentaram uma melhora em seus valores após a LRF, confirmando a mudança teórica esperada.

O impacto ex-post da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal nº101/2000 nas finanças dos estados brasileiros

Este trabalho analisa o impacto da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF), nas finanças e no crescimento econômico nos estados do Brasil, por meio de um banco de dados próprio, constituído por informações obtidas na Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional, no período de 2000 a 2004. Para os testes econométricos foi utilizada a ferramenta Dados em Painel, o Teste de Mann-Whitney e a Técnica de Componentes Principais. Os resultados encontrados, de modo geral, demonstram que a LRF não apresentou efeitos sobre as finanças e o crescimento econômico dos estados brasileiros, mas causou impacto positivo aos estados de maior Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), do prisma da redução de despesa. Na receita agregada nacional houve impacto negativo, pois essa receita decresceu nos estados de maior PIB, não sendo compensada pelo aumento de receitas correntes líquidas pelos estados de menor PIB. Portanto, houve penalidades para os estados de maior capacidade fiscal, maior organização fazendária e maior crescimento econômico e benefícios para os estados em situação contrária, mas que, em nível nacional, proporcionou resultados econômicos negativos.

O planejamento econômico no Brasil: considerações críticas

In the past thirty years, a series of plans have been developed by successive Brazilian governments in a continuing effort to maximize the nation's resources for economic and social growth. This planning history has been quantitatively rich but qualitatively poor. The disjunction has stimulated Professor Mello e Souza to address himself to the problem of national planning and to offer some criticisms of Brazilian planning experience. Though political instability has obviously been a factor promoting discontinuity, his criticisms are aimed at the attitudes and strategic concepts which have sought to link planning to national goals and administration. He criticizes the fascination with techniques and plans to the exclusion of proper diagnosis of the socio-political reality, developing instruments to coordinate and carry out objectives, and creating an administrative structure centralized enough to make national decisions and decentralized enough to perform on the basis of those decisions. Thus, fixed, quantified objectives abound while the problem of functioning mechanisms for the coordinated, rational use of resources has been left unattended. Although his interest and criticism are focused on the process and experience of national planning, he recognized variation in the level and results of Brazilian planning. National plans have failed due to faulty conception of the function of planning. Sectorial plans, save in the sector of the petroleum industry under government responsibility, ha e not succeeded in overcoming the problems of formulation and execution thereby repeating old technical errors. Planning for the private sector has a somewhat brighter history due to the use of Grupos Executivos which has enabled the planning process to transcend the formalism and tradition-bound attitudes of the regular bureaucracy. Regional planning offers two relatively successful experiences, Sudene and the strategy of the regionally oriented autarchy. Thus, planning history in Brazil is not entirely black but a certain shade of grey. The major part of the article, however, is devoted to a descriptive analysis of the national planning experience. The plans included in this analysis are: The Works and Equipment Plan (POE); The Health, Food, Transportation and Energy Plan (Salte); The Program of Goals; The Trienal Plan of Economic and Social Development; and the Plan of Governmental Economic Action (Paeg). Using these five plans for his historical experience the author sets out a series of errors of formulation and execution by which he analyzes that experience. With respect to formulation, he speaks of a lack of elaboration of programs and projects, of coordination among diverse goals, and of provision of qualified staff and techniques. He mentions the absence of the definition of resources necessary to the financing of the plan and the inadequate quantification of sectorial and national goals due to the lack of reliable statistical information. Finally, he notes the failure to coordinate the annual budget with the multi-year plans. He sees the problems of execution as beginning in the absence of coordination between the various sectors of the public administration, the failure to develop an operative system of decentralization, the absence of any system of financial and fiscal control over execution, the difficulties imposed by the system of public accounting, and the absence of an adequate program of allocation for the liberation of resources. He ends by pointing to the failure to develop and use an integrated system of political economic tools in a mode compatible with the objective of the plans. The body of the article analyzes national planning experience in Brazil using these lists of errors as rough model of criticism. Several conclusions emerge from this analysis with regard to planning in Brazil and in developing countries, in general. Plans have generally been of little avail in Brazil because of the lack of a continuous, bureaucratized (in the Weberian sense) planning organization set in an instrumentally suitable administrative structure and based on thorough diagnoses of socio-economic conditions and problems. Plans have become the justification for planning. Planning has come to be conceived as a rational method of orienting the process of decisions through the establishment of a precise and quantified relation between means and ends. But this conception has led to a planning history rimmed with frustration, and failure, because of its rigidity in the face of flexible and changing reality. Rather, he suggests a conception of planning which understands it "as a rational process of formulating decisions about the policy, economy, and society whose only demand is that of managing the instrumentarium in a harmonious and integrated form in order to reach explicit, but not quantified ends". He calls this "planning without plans": the establishment of broad-scale tendencies through diagnosis whose implementation is carried out through an adjustable, coherent instrumentarium of political-economic tools. Administration according to a plan of multiple, integrated goals is a sound procedure if the nation's administrative machinery contains the technical development needed to control the multiple variables linked to any situation of socio-economic change. Brazil does not possess this level of refinement and any strategy of planning relevant to its problems must recognize this. The reforms which have been attempted fail to make this recognition as is true of the conception of planning informing the Brazilian experience. Therefore, unworkable plans, ill-diagnosed with little or no supportive instrumentarium or flexibility have been Brazil's legacy. This legacy seems likely to continue until the conception of planning comes to live in the reality of Brazil.

Os efeitos da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal no endividamento dos municípios do Piauí

A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) procura, em seu bojo, imprimir a austeridade na efetivação dos gastos públicos. Sua finalidade é equilibrar os gastos públicos imprimindo em seu contexto uma nova perspectiva fiscal. Este artigo aplica uma modificação da metodologia proposta por De Jesus Macedo e Corbari (2009) para avaliar os efeitos da LRF no endividamento municipal, tendo como base de dados os municípios do estado do Piauí. Posto que a LRF foi implantada em 2000, o objetivo do artigo é verificar se houve alteração no endividamento municipal a partir da implementação dessa lei. O estudo sugere que os municípios piauienses reduziram sua dívida em aproximadamente 7% após a implementação da LRF.

Responsabilidade fiscal de grandes municípios brasileiros: uma análise de suas características

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar quais características podem contribuir para explicar o nível de responsabilidade fiscal de grandes municípios brasileiros. Foi realizado um estudo com dados em painel, no período de 2002 a 2009, e os resultados indicaram que os municípios pesquisados apresentam um nível incipiente de responsabilidade fiscal. As variáveis nível econômico e autonomia financeira apresentaram relação positiva significativa com o nível de responsabilidade fiscal, e a variável endividamento, relação negativa. O modelo de regressão estimado revelou que região, localização e ano também podem influenciar a responsabilidade fiscal dos municípios. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para a discussão sobre as variações no nível de responsabilidade fiscal dos municípios por meio da sugestão de métrica de avaliação, além dos dispositivos que constam nos instrumentos normativos.