Sensibilidade e especificidade do hormônio natriurético do tipo B para identificar doentes com insuficiência mitral grave sintomáticos e assintomáticos

OBJETIVO: Verificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do hormônio natriurético do tipo B (BNP) para identificar pacientes ambulatoriais, com insuficiência mitral crônica grave, sintomáticos e assintomáticos. MÉTODOS: Um grupo de pacientes com insuficiência mitral foi examinado e submetido à eletrocardiografia, telerradiografia de tórax, coletas de sangue venoso e ecocardiograma transtorácico. Por meio da análise de variáveis ecocardiográficas, 62 pacientes apresentavam refluxo mitral discreto e moderado (G I) e 34 refluxo mitral grave (G II). A capacidade discriminante do BNP em detectar pacientes com insuficiência mitral grave foi avaliada pela construção de curvas ROC. RESULTADOS: Entre os 96 doentes, 71 (73%) eram mulheres e as idades variaram entre 15 e 63 (média de 31,7) anos. Os valores de BNP variaram de 0,00 pg/ml a 193 pg/ml. Os doentes do G I tiveram um valor médio de BNP de 18,10 ± 0,74 pg/ml e os do G II de 50,54 ± 1,46 pg/ml, (p=0,001). O valor de corte para identificar insuficiência mitral grave foi de 15,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balanço entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,73 e 0,74. O valor de corte para identificar pacientes sintomáticos e com insuficiência mitral grave foi de 28,40 pg/ml, para o melhor balanço entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade, respectivamente de 0,78 e 0,83. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de BNP capazes de indentificar doentes com insuficiência mitral grave assintomáticos e sintomáticos são menores do que os 100 pg/ml considerados para o diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca.

Neutralising antibodies for West Nile virus in horses from Brazilian Pantanal

Despite evidence of West Nile virus (WNV) activity in Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina, this virus has not been reported in most South American countries. In February 2009, we commenced an investigation for WNV in mosquitoes, horses and caimans from the Pantanal, Central-West Brazil. The sera of 168 horses and 30 caimans were initially tested using a flaviviruses-specific epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (blocking ELISA) for the detection of flavivirus-reactive antibodies. The seropositive samples were further tested using a plaque-reduction neutralisation test (PRNT90) for WNV and its most closely-related flaviviruses that circulate in Brazil to confirm the detection of specific virus-neutralising antibodies. Of the 93 (55.4%) blocking ELISA-seropositive horse serum samples, five (3%) were seropositive for WNV, nine (5.4%) were seropositive for St. Louis encephalitis virus, 18 (10.7%) were seropositive for Ilheus virus, three (1.8%) were seropositive for Cacipacore virus and none were seropositive for Rocio virus using PRNT90, with a criteria of > four-fold antibody titre difference. All caimans were negative for flaviviruses-specific antibodies using the blocking ELISA. No virus genome was detected from caiman blood or mosquito samples. The present study is the first report of confirmed serological evidence of WNV activity in Brazil.

Waterborne toxoplasmosis investigated and analysed under hydrogeological assessment: new data and perspectives for further research

We present a set of data on human and chicken Toxoplasma gondiiseroprevalence that was investigated and analysed in light of groundwater vulnerability information in an area endemic for waterborne toxoplasmosis in Brazil. Hydrogeological assessment was undertaken to select sites for water collection from wells for T. gondii oocyst testing and for collecting blood from free-range chickens and humans for anti-T. gondiiserologic testing. Serologic testing of human specimens was done using conventional commercial tests and a sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP), which is able to differentiate whether infection resulted from tissue cysts or oocysts. Water specimens were negative for the presence of viable T. gondii oocysts. However, seroprevalence in free-range chickens was significantly associated with vulnerability of groundwater to surface contamination (p < 0.0001; odds ratio: 4.73, 95% confidence interval: 2.18-10.2). Surprisingly, a high prevalence of antibodies against TgERP was detected in human specimens, suggesting the possibility of a continuous contamination of drinking water with T. gondiioocysts in this endemic setting. These findings and the new proposed approach to investigate and analyse endemic toxoplasmosis in light of groundwater vulnerability information associated with prevalence in humans estimated by oocyst antigens recognition have implications for the potential role of hydrogeological assessment in researching waterborne toxoplasmosis at a global scale.

Characterization of the chemical composition of the essential oils from Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'terra-fria' and Annona squamosa L.

The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer 'terra-fria' and Annona squamosa L. The species were grown in a greenhouse for 18 months, which nutrient solution was applied weekly; the plants were then harvested and the leaves dried to extract the essential oil. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to study its chemical profiles. Eleven substances were found in the essential oil of A. emarginata, primarily (E)-caryophyllene (29.29%), (Z)-caryophyllene (16.86%), γ-muurolene (7.54%), α-pinene (13.86%), and tricyclene (10.04%). Ten substances were detected in the oil from A. squamosa, primarily (E)-caryophyllene (28.71%), (Z)-caryophyllene (14.46%), α-humulene (4.41%), camphene (18.10%), α-pinene (7.37%), β-pinene (8.71%), and longifolene (5.64%). Six substances were common to both species: (E)-caryophyllene, (Z)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, camphene, α-pinene, and β-pinene.

Efeitos teratogênicos de Prosopis juliflora em ratos e análise da toxicidade das vagens

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os possíveis efeitos teratogênicos de Prosopis juliflora, verificar se existe perda da toxicidade entre vagens armazenadas e recém-coletadas e determinar se existe diferença de toxicidade entre as vagens coletadas em diferentes localidades. Trinta ratas prenhes da linhagem Wistar foram separadas, aleatoriamente, em cinco grupos: um controle (G1) e quatro experimentais (G2, G3, G4 e G5). Os animais dos grupos G2 e G3 foram alimentados com ração contendo 70% de vagens de P. juliflora recém-coletadas em dois municípios diferentes. Os grupos G4 e G5 foram alimentados com ração preparada com vagens das mesmas procedências, porém armazenadas por um período de 6 meses. O grupo controle recebeu ração sem vagens de P. juliflora. No grupo controle o número de malformações por ninhada (1,16 ± 0,98) foi significativamente menor do que os dos grupos experimentais (14,00 ± 2,96, 6,16 ± 2,22, 7,66 ± 2,94 e 4,66 ± 1,63 para os grupos G2, G3, G4 e G5, respectivamente) indicando que a planta é teratogênica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na frequência de malformações e no número de fetos nascidos entre os grupos que receberam vagens de diferentes localidades. No entanto, o número de malformações nos grupos que receberam as vagens recém-colhidas (65,80 ± 21,20 a, 67,59 ± 18,10 a), foi significativamente maior que o observado nas ratas que receberam as vagens após o armazenamento (35,74±10,10b, 21,85±5,13c) sugerindo que o efeito teratogênico da planta diminui durante o armazenamento. Conclui-se que as vagens de P. juliflora são teratogênicas para ratas Wistar e que a fetoxicidade das mesmas diminui com o armazenamento.

Increased sympathetic activity in normotensive offspring of malignant hypertensive parents compared to offspring of normotensive parents

Malignant hypertension seems to be the consequence of very high blood pressure. Furthermore, an increase in sympathetic and renin-angiotensin system activity is considered to be the main mechanisms producing malignant hypertension. In the present study, 10 offspring of malignant hypertensive (OMH) parents (age 28 ± 5 years, 7 males, 3 females, 2 white and 8 non-white) and 10 offspring of normotensive (ONT) parents (age 28 ± 6 years, 2 males, 8 females, 3 white and 7 non-white) were evaluated. The OMH group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) casual blood pressure (125 ± 10/81 ± 5 mmHg) compared with ONT (99 ± 13/67 ± 5 mmHg). The increase in blood pressure was greater in OMH (Δ SBP = 17 ± 2 vs Δ SBP = 9 ± 1 mmHg in ONT) during cold pressor testing, but they had a lower increase in heart rate (Δ HR = 13 ± 2 vs Δ HR = 20 ± 3 bpm in ONT) during isometric exercise (handgrip test). Sympathetic activity, measured by microneurography, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before exercise in OMH (17 ± 6 vs 11 ± 4 burst/min in ONT) and exhibited a greater increase (Δ = 18 ± 10 vs Δ = 8 ± 3 burst/min in ONT) during isometric exercise. This study showed increased sympathetic activity in OMH before exercise and a greater response during isometric exercise, suggesting an autonomic abnormality before exercise and a greater sympathetic response to physical stress in OMH compared to ONT.

Ocurrence of Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci and enteric bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in the south bay of Santa Catarina island, Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), harvested in six different regions of the South Bay of Santa Catarina Island, with Coliforms at 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci, and Salmonella sp. over a period of one year. One hundred eighty oyster samples were collected directly from their culture sites and analyzed. Each sample consisted of a pool of 12 oysters. All of the samples analyzed showed absence of Salmonella, 18 (10%) samples showed presence of Escherichia coli, 15 (8.3%) samples were positive for V. alginolyticus, and Vibriocholerae was detected in 4 samples (2.2%). The counts of positive-coagulase staphylococci varied from <10 to 1.9 x 102 CFU.g-1, whereas the counts of Coliforms at 45 ºC and E. coli ranged from <3 to 1.5 x 102 MPN.g-1 and <3 and 4.3 x 10 MPN.g-1, respectively. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged between <3 and 7 MPN.g-1, for both microorganisms. This suggests the need for monitoring these Vibrios contamination in oysters. Based on the results of the microbiological assays, the samples analyzed showed acceptable bacteriological quality, i.e., they were within the parameters established by Brazilian Legislation.