Muertes por homicidio, consecuencia fatal de la violencia: el caso de Mexico, 1979-1992

Se analizaron las muertes registradas como homicidio en México de 1979-1992. El estudio se basó en fuente secundaria, siendo las variables analizadas: año, edad, sexo y causa externa de traumatismos y envenenamientos según CIE IX Rev.(E960-E969). Se utilizó un modelo de regresión Poisson para las causas más frecuentes, obteniendo riesgos relativos según edad y sexo. El grupo de referencia fue el de 10-14 años y el sexo femenino. Se registraron 198,485 muertes por Homicidio, con un promedio anual de 14,177 y diario de 39. La principal causa fue ataque con arma de fuego y explosivos(56%). El riesgo relativo más alto fue para el grupo de 35-39 años, con RR 15,4 IC(95%) 14,9-16,0, en comparación al de referencia. El sexo masculino presentó un riesgo relativo 10,1 veces mayor que el femenino, ajustado por edad IC10.0-10.3. Los resultados llaman la atención sobre la necesidad de profundizar y analizar el problema de los homicidios bajo una perspectiva multidisciplinaria.

Infecção pulmonar fatal por Lagochilascaris sp., provavelmente Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909

É descrito um caso fatal de infecção por Lagochilascaris sp., — provavelmente Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 —, com localização pulmonar. O paciente, do sexo feminino, oriundo de Curralinho-Estado do Pará, desenvolveu uma pneumonite grave, que lhe acarretou a morte, por insuficiência respiratória, em pouco menos de três meses. À autópsia, numerosas lesões de natureza exsudativa e granulomatosa podiam ser vistas em ambos os pulmões, indicando tuberculose ou infecção micótica pulmonar. Todavia, quando se procedeu ao exame microscópico, ovos, larvas e até uma fêmea grávida do verme foram encontrados nos tecidos, como causa da doença — sempre no interior de granulomas ou de extensas áreas de necrose. Em quase todos os casos, até agora conhecidos, de lagoquilascaríase humana — cerca de 25 —, o parasito se localizava nos tecidos do pescoço, nos seios da face ou sobre a apófise mastóide. Neste caso, pela primeira vez, um representante do gênero Lagochilascaris é referido em sítio bem distinto do habitual, no hospedeiro humano. O achado, por outro lado, dos diferentes estádios evolutivos do helminto, dispersos pelo parênquima pulmonar, além de mostrar a natureza errática do parasitismo, sugere fortemente a existência de um ciclo pulmonar na lagoquilascaríase humana.

Caso fatal de adiaspiromicose pulmonar humana

É descrito um caso fatal de adiaspiromicose pulmonar, em paciente do sexo masculino, lavrador, que vivia em Planaltina-DF, para onde se mudara, vindo do Nordeste, cerca de um ano antes do aparecimento da enfermidade. As manifestações principais consistiram em febre, calafrios, mialgias, tosse seca e dispnéia. Após cinco semanas, o paciente faleceu, devido a insuficiência respiratória. Na autópsia, lesões nodulares incontáveis, medindo alguns milímetros de diâmetro, apareciam disseminadas por todos os lobos de ambos os pulmões. O exame microscópico revelou a existência, dentro dos nódulos, de estruturas redondas, volumosas (atingiam até 600 /tm de diâmetro), providas de membrana espessa, e identificadas como adiaconídios de Chrysosporium parvum var. crescens. Esses adiaconídios eram sempre encontrados no interior de microabscessos ou de áreas de necrose tissular, ambos cercados por reação granulomatosa. Os alvéolos pulmonares, não comprometidos pelos nódulos, apresentavam-se cheios de células da inflamação, principalmente macrófagos e neutrófilos. O achado de outros casos, não fatais, da doença, nos arredores de Brasília, indica que a adiaspiromicose deve ser endêmica na região do Planalto Central brasileiro, lugar onde o clima, principalmente nos meses de agosto a outubro, é quente e seco, com ventos fortes, fatores que devem contribuir para a disseminação dos conídios de C. parvum.

FATAL GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK-LIKE SYNDROME IN A CHILD WITH VARICELLA: REPORT OF THE FIRST WELL DOCUMENTED CASE WITH DETECTION OF THE GENETIC SEQUENCES THAT CODE FOR EXOTOXINS SPE A AND B, IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

A previously healthy seven-year-old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit because of toxaemia associated with varicella. He rapidly developed shock and multisystem organ failure associated with the appearance of a deep-seated soft tissue infection and, despite aggressive treatment, died on hospital day 4. An M-non-typable, spe A and spe B positive Group A Streptococcus was cultured from a deep soft tissue aspirate. The criteria for defining Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome were fulfilled. The authors discuss the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of this disease as well as some unusual clinical findings related to this case.

Pancreatic involvement in fatal human leptospirosis: clinical and histopathological features

Hyperamylasemia has been reported in more than 65% of patients with severe leptospirosis, and the true diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is complicated by the fact that renal failure can increase serum amylase levels. Based on these data we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and histopathological features of pancreas involvement in 13 cases of fatal human leptospirosis. The most common signs and symptoms presented at admission were fever, chills, vomiting, myalgia, dehydratation, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Trombocytopenia was evident in 11 patients. Mild increased of AST and ALT levels was seen in 9 patients. Hyperamylasemia was recorded in every patient in whom it was measured, with values above 180 IU/L (3 cases). All patients presented acute renal failure and five have been submitted to dialytic treatment. The main cause of death was acute respiratory failure due to pulmonary hemorrhage. Pancreas fragments were collected for histological study and fat necrosis was the criterion used to classify acute pancreatitis. Histological pancreatic findings were edema, mild inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, hemorrhage, congestion, fat necrosis and calcification. All the patients infected with severe form of leptospirosis who develop abdominal pain should raise the suspect of pancreatic involvement.

Fatal disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in a two-year-old child

A two year-old female child was admitted at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a septic shock associated with a lymphoproliferative syndrome, with history of fever, adynamia and weight loss during the last two months. On admission, the main clinical and laboratory manifestations were: pallor, jaundice, disseminated enlarged lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, crusted warts on face, anemia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase. A parenteral administration of fluids, dobutamine and mechanical ventilation was started, without improvement of the clinical conditions. A direct examination of exsudate collected from cervical lymph node revealed numerous oval-to-around cells with multiple budding, like a "pilot wheel" cell, suggesting Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Even though treatment with intravenous sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprine was soon started, the child died 36 hours after hospital admission. Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis was confirmed in the autopsy. This is the youngest case of paracoccidioidomycosis in children reported in the literature.

Fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a child from Colombia

A 4-year old child living in Colombia presented with a history of fever and severe abdominal pain for four days. The patient developed pneumonia, septic shock, multiple organ failure and died on the fifth day of hospitalization. Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from admission blood cultures and was resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

FATAL OUTCOME OF INFECTION BY DENGUE 4 IN A PATIENT WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA AS A COMORBID CONDITION IN BRAZIL

Dengue is currently a major public-health problem. Dengue virus (DENV) is classified into four distinct serotypes, DENV 1-4. After 28 years of absence, DENV-4 was again detected in Brazil in 2010 in Roraima State, and one year later, the virus was identified in the northern Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará, followed by Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. In Minas Gerais, the first confirmed case of DENV-4 occurred in the municipality of Frutal in 2011 and has now been isolated from a growing number of patients. Although DENV-2 is associated with the highest risk of severe forms of the disease and death due to the infection, DENV-4 has also been associated with severe forms of the disease and an increasing risk of hemorrhagic manifestations. Herein, the first fatal case of confirmed DENV-4 in Brazil is reported. The patient was an 11-year-old girl from the municipality of Montes Claros in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. She had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura as a comorbid condition and presented with a fulminant course of infection, leading to death due to hemorrhagic complications. Diagnosis was confirmed by detection of Dengue-specific antibodies using IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and semi-nested RT-PCR. Primary care physicians and other health-care providers should bear in mind that DENV-4 can also result in severe forms of the disease and lead to hemorrhagic complications and death, mainly when dengue infection is associated with coexisting conditions.

FATAL DISSEMINATED CRYPTOCOCCOSIS WITH RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN AN HIV-INFECTED PATIENT

SUMMARY Introduction: We present a fatal case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a young man whose diagnosis of HIV infection was made at the time of admission to the emergency room. Case report: The patient was a twenty-three-year-old man, with a history of daily fever during one month associated with diarrhea, weight loss, headache, vomiting and generalized seizures. He also had a history of diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and drug addiction. Upon physical examination the patient was pale, disoriented and had periods of agitation. White blood cells count was 3,440/mm3 (5% lymphocytes), hemoglobin was 10g/dL, platelets were 83,000/ mm3. Creatinine was 0.7 mg/dL; urea 19 mg/dL; Na, K, and liver enzymes were within normal limits. Lactic dehydrogenase was 494 IU/L. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed 10 white blood cells/mm3 (58% neutrophils, 31% lymphocytes, 11% monocytes) and 2 red blood cells/mm3. India ink test revealed six Cryptococcus yeasts/mm3. CSF glucose was 122 mg/dL and protein was 36 mg/ dL. VDRL test was negative and anti-HIV test was positive. Intravenous hydration, insulin, phenytoin, fluconazole, pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, folinic acid, and amphotericin B were started. The patient did not improve and became obtunded and hypotensive. He was intubated and put on mechanical respiration. He received vasoactive drugs and died less than 24 hours after admission. A postmortem examination was performed and revealed disseminated cryptococcosis, with severe involvement of the kidneys. Conclusion: Cryptococcosis, as a rule, is a systemic disease that affects mostly immunocompromised individuals, especially patients with AIDS. When diagnosed late in its course it has a very high mortality.

Lagochilascariasis humana en Venezuela: descripción de un caso fatal

Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909, puede producir lesiones graves, con invasión de músculo, hueso, ojo, oido medio, pulmones o cerebro. En este trabajo se comunica uri caso de lagochilascariasis en unajóvem de 17anos venezolana, que desarrolló signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Se revisan las publicaciones sobre lagochilascariasis y los aspectos clínicos-patológicos de la invasión dei sistema nervioso central por estos vermes.

Caso fatal de balantidíase intestinal

Caso fatal de balantidíase em mulher desnutrida de 63 anos, criadora de porcos, da zona rural de Uberaba. A doença evoluiu em oito dias com disenteria, náusea e vômitos, culminando em óbito por enterorragia. A necropsia constatou-se colite ulcerada causada por B. coli, facilmente identificado ao exame histológico do intestino grosso.

Sistema nervoso autônomo intracardíaco em caso humano fatal de doença de Chagas aguda

Procedeu-se à análise do sistema nervoso autônomo intracardíaco (SNAIC) em 150 cortes histológicos obtidos a partir de fragmentos atriais de homem de 74 anos, falecido de insuficiência cardíaca consecutiva à doença de Chagas aguda (DCA), provavelmente adquirida por via digestiva. Em 10 lâminas havia discretos infiltrados de mononucleares em torno de gânglios e/ou filetes nervosos sem alterações morfológicas significativas dos neurônios; em um preparado constatou-se ganglionite e periganglionite, de moderada intensidade, associadas a alterações neuronais. Epicardite focal, em geral discreta, foi observada em todas as lâminas. Os achados sugerem que a inflamação dos gânglios e fibras do SNAIC na DCA ocorre, pelo menos em parte, da propagação da epicardite adjacente e, que mesmo nos casos fatais da Tripanosomose cruzi as lesões morfológicas do SNAIC podem ser discretas.

Leishmaniose visceral fatal associada à síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida: relato de caso com achados necroscópicos e estudo imuno-histoquímico

Um caso de leishmaniose visceral em associação com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida em paciente do sexo masculino, com 32 anos de idade é relatado, tendo a protozoonose sido responsável pelo óbito do paciente. À necropsia, a leishmaniose visceral manifestou-se de uma forma atípica, com intenso parasitismo visceral, comprometendo órgãos não comumente atingidos pela doença, tais como adrenais, rins, pulmão e cérebro. Os órgãos do sistema fagocítico mononuclear foram intensamente afetados e macrófagos parasitados foram observados na luz de pequenos vasos em vários tecidos. Foi realizado estudo imuno- histoquímico de amostras tissulares de baço, linfonodo e cérebro, comprovando-se a presença de material antigênico relacionado com a leishmânia.