Hispanismo e indigenismo: o dualismo cultural no pensamento social peruano (1900-1930). Uma revisão necessária

O artigo apresenta duas vertentes do pensamento social peruano que, nas primeiras décadas deste século, debateram sobre os componentes culturais daquele país e seus papéis na conformação da futura nação peruana. O objetivo desta apresentação é discutir o esquema dual que o hispanismo e o indigenismo partilharam e mostrar como, até os dias de hoje, a oposição e o conflito continuam sendo considerados como as formas predominantes pelas quais as culturas se comunicam e convivem no Peru. A discussão do esquema dual refere-se tanto a sua desconsideração das múltiplas negociações e conciliações entre os universos culturais no Peru, quanto a necessidade de se pensar e considerar a diferença sem esqueçer a igualdade.

Os hotéis nas proximidades das estações ferroviárias da cidade de São Paulo (1900-1917)

Fazendo uso de processos-crime e jornais, este artigo procura examinar os estabelecimentos de hospedagem da cidade de São Paulo nas imediações das estações ferroviárias dos bairros da Luz e do Brás, nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX. O texto aborda principalmente quem eram os hóspedes desses hotéis e por quais razões aí se hospedavam.

Mortalidade por diabetes mellitus no município de São Paulo (Brasil): evolução em um período de 79 anos (1900-1978) e análise de alguns aspectos sobre associação de causas

A evolução da mortalidade por diabetes mellitus no município de São Paulo, Brasil, é apresentada através de uma série histórica de 79 anos (1900-1978). Dentro desse período, verificou-se uma ascensão progressiva dos coeficientes até por volta de 1960, quando tenderam a estabilizar-se em valores próximos a 20 por 100 mil habitantes. Também é analisada a mortalidade proporcional pela doença, verificando-se que ela aumentou mais que o próprio risco de morrer, medido pelo coeficiente de mortalidade. Para um ponto do período estudado (1974/75), a mortalidade por diabetes mellitus foi analisada segundo a metodologia das causas múltiplas de morte, o que permitiu verificar quais as causas básicas de morte mais freqüentes nos diabéticos e quais as associações de causas mais freqüentes. Nos dois casos, destacaram-se as doenças do aparelho circulatório, notadamente a doença isquêmica do coração, as doenças cerebrovasculares, enquanto a hipertensão arterial se destaca como causa associada bastante freqüente.

Paracoccidioides brasilienses isolates obtained from patients with acute and chronic disease exhibit morphological differences after animal passage

The basis for virulence in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is not completely understood. There is a consensus that the sequencial in vitro subcultivation of P. brasiliensis leads to loss of its pathogenicity, which can be reverted by reisolation from animal passage. Attention to morphological and biochemical properties that are regained or demonstrated after animal passage may provide new insights into factors related to the pathogenicity and virulence of P. brasiliensis. We evaluated morphological characters: the percentage of budding cells, number of buds by cell and the diameter of 100 mother cells of yeast-like cells of 30 P. brasiliensis isolates, before and after animal passage. The isolates were obtained from patients with different clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM): acute form (group A, n=15) and chronic form (group C, n=15). The measurement of the yeast cell sizes was carried out with the aid of an Olympus CBB microscope coupled with a micrometer disc. We measured the major transverse and longitudinal axes of 100 viable cells of each preparation. The percentage of budding cells as also the number of buds by cell was not influenced by animal passage, regardless of the source of the strain (acute or chronic groups). The size values of P. brasiliensis isolates from groups A and C, measured before the animal passage exhibited the same behavior. After animal passage, there was a statistically significant difference between the cell sizes of P. brasiliensis isolates recovered from testicles inoculated with strains from groups A and C. The maximum diameter of mother cells from group A isolates exhibited a size of 42.1mm in contrast with 32.9mm exhibited by mother cells from group C (p<0.05). The diameter of 1500 mother cells from group A isolates exhibited a medium size of 16.0mm (SD ± 4.0), a value significantly higher than the 14.1mm (SD = ± 3.3) exhibited by 1500 mother cells from group C isolates (p<0.05). Our results reinforce the polymorphism exhibited by P. brasiliensis in biological material and the need for further investigations to elucidate the role of morphological parameters of the fungus in the natural history of the disease.

Revisão do gênero Seuratia Skrjabin, 1916 e redescrição da espécie Seuratia Shipleyi (Stossich, 1900) Skrjabin, 1916 (Nematoda, Spiruroidea)

Durante a terceira excursão realizada pela Seção de Helmintologia do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, à localidade de Arraial do Cabo, em Cabo Frio, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em junho de 1963, tivemos a oportunidade de encontrar ao amanhecer do dia 22 um exemplar fêmea de Diomodea melanophris Temm. (Albatroz), pousado no chão, nas proximidades da praia, provàvelmente levado para lá pela forte ventania que ocorrera durante a noite. Ao necropsiarmos essa ave encontramos, localizados mo estômago, alguns nematódeos dos quais um macho e quatro fêmeas pertencentes ao gênero Seuratia Skrjabin, 1916 e devido à sua raridade nas costas brasileiras e ao achado dos parasitos, resolvemos efetuar o reestudo dêsses helmintos, descritos por Stossich, e rever o gênero proposto por Skrjabin.

Ultrastructure of the tegument of Prosorhynchoides arcuatus (Linton, 1900) Bray, 1984 (Trematoda, Bucephalidae)

The tegument of the adult form of Prosorhynchoides arcuatus (Linton, 1900) (Trematoda, Bucephalidae) from the intestine of Pomatomus saltator (L.) from the Atlantic coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The tegument consists of two layers: an external, constituted by a syncytium, containing spines, unicilliated papillae, inclusion bodies and mitochondria and an internal, consisting of a muscular layer and mononucleated tegumental cells.

Portal veins of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni exhibit an increased reactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine

In chronic severe infection with Schistosoma mansoni, portal hypertension and related vascular alterations usually develop as a consequence of granulomatous response to eggs. In order to investigate a putative direct effect of worms on the reactivity of their host portal vein, mice infected only with male worms were used in the present study. An higher reactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) characterized by an increase in the maximal contraction and sensitivity was observed in portal vein from infected mice compared to healthy mice. Blockade of NO-synthase with l-NAME induced a small increase in 5-HT potency in portal vein from non-infected mice without changing the amplitude of the contractions, whereas it did not alter the reactivity of veins from infected mice. The present results show that unisexual infection of mice with male S. mansoni increased the reactivity of the portal vein to 5-HT which seems to be partially related to an alteration in the nitric oxide release by endothelium.

The taxonomy of Brazilian insects vectors of transmissible diseases (1900-2000) - then and now

A brief historical overview is given of the most relevant taxonomic studies of insect groups vectors of transmissible diseases in Brazil, from the "heroic" times of the foundation of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro up to the present. The following orders are considered: Phthiraptera (Anoplura, Amblycera and Ischnocera), Hemiptera (Reduviidae: Triatominae), Siphonaptera and Diptera (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Chloropidae and Muscidae). The most important Brazilian collections of each group are cited.

Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from human, vector, and animal reservoir in the same endemic region in Mexico and typed as T. cruzi I, discrete typing unit 1 exhibit considerable biological diversity

In this study, three strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated at the same time and in the same endemic region in Mexico from a human patient with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (RyC-H); vector (Triatoma barberi) (RyC-V); and rodent reservoir (Peromyscus peromyscus) (RyC-R). The three strains were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and by pathological profiles in experimental animals (biodemes). Based on the analysis of genetic markers the three parasite strains were typed as belonging to T. cruzi I major group, discrete typing unit 1. The pathological profile of RyC-H and RyC-V strains indicated medium virulence and low mortality and, accordingly, the strains should be considered as belonging to biodeme Type III. On the other hand, the parasites from RyC-R strain induced more severe inflammatory processes and high mortality (> 40%) and were considered as belonging to biodeme Type II. The relationship between genotypes and biological characteristics in T. cruzi strains is still debated and not clearly understood. An expert committee recommended in 1999 that Biodeme Type III would correspond to T. cruzi I group, whereas Biodeme Type II, to T. cruzi II group. Our findings suggest that, at least for Mexican isolates, this correlation does not stand and that biological characteristics such as pathogenicity and virulence could be determined by factors different from those identified in the genotypic characterization