Mortalidade infantil por causas no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) em 1983: análise sob a perspectiva das causas múltiplas de morte

Objetivou-se apresentar a mortalidade infantil por causas no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com base nos dados de 1983 obtidos a partir da classificação por causas múltiplas de morte, disponíveis desde a implantação do Sistema de Classificação Automática de Causas de Morte. Detectaram-se dois tipos de casos bem definidos: os óbitos ocorridos predominantemente no período neonatal, e cujo processo mórbido envolve quase que exclusivamente as afecções pertencentes ao Capítulo das Perinatais da Classificação Internacional de Doenças; e os óbitos ocorridos principalmente no período pós-neonatal, em cujo processo mórbido aparecem mencionadas significativamente as infecções intestinais, a septicemia, a desnutrição, a desidratação e a broncopneumonia. O estudo da associação entre as principais causas de morte mostrou, por um lado, a imaturidade e a prematuridade fortemente relacionadas com as afecções respiratórias do recém-nascido e com as infecções específicas do período perinatal; e por outro lado, um complexo inter-relacionamento entre as outras cinco causas mencionadas.

Intestinal spirochetosis: first cases reported in Brazil and the use of immunohistochemistry as an aid in histopathological diagnosis

Colonization of the colon and rectum by intestinal spirochetes is detected for the first time in Brazil in 4 of 282 (1.41%) patients who had undergone sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy with a histopathological diagnosis of chronic non specific-colitis. This frequency is probably understimated, since surgically obtained specimens were not considered in the present study. Histopathological diagnosis was performed using routine stains like hematoxylin-eosin which showed the typical, of 3-µm thick hematoxyphilic fringe on the brush border of the surface epithelium, and by silver stains like the Warthin-Starry stain. Immunohistochemical procedures using two, polyclonal, primary antibodies, one against Treponema pallidum and the other against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae cross-reacted with spirochetal antigen/s producing a marked contrast of the fringe over the colonic epithelium, preserving the spiral-shaped morphology of the parasite. In one case with marked diarrhea, immunohistochemistry detected spirochetal antigen/s within a cell in an intestinal crypt, thus demonstrating that the infection can be more widely disseminated than suspected using routine stains. Immunohistochemical procedures, thus, greatly facilitate the histological diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis and may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy performed in one case showed that the spirochete closely resembled the species designated as Brachyspira aalborgi.

Pulmonary tuberculosis: relationship between sputum bacilloscopy and radiological lesions

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of radiological manifestations of chest tuberculosis among the tuberculosis outpatients at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital, and to correlate these radiological findings with the sputum bacilloscopy. SAMPLE AND METHODS: A review was made of the medical record cards and chest X-rays of all patients attended between January 1996 and December 1998. Patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis who presented intrathoracic manifestations of the disease and negative anti-HIV serology were selected. RESULTS: The selection included 153 patients, with an average age of 37.5 years, who were predominantly male (60.8%) and white (56.9%). Pulmonary lesions were present in 121 (79.9%) and extrapulmonary lesions in 32 (20.1%). Parenchymal-infiltrate lesions appeared in 56 patients (36.6%), cavity lesions in 55 (36.0%), pleural effusion in 28 (18.3%), isolated nodules in 6 (3.9%), mediastinal enlargement in 4 (2.6%) and miliary pattern in 4 (2.6%). Cavities were present in 45.5% of the patients with pulmonary lesions, generally in association with the parenchymal-infiltrate lesions. Parenchymal infiltrate was present in 86.8% of the patients with pulmonary lesions. There was significant presence of alcohol-acid resistant bacillus in the sputum of patients with cavities (76.4%), in comparison with those without cavities (50%) (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Parenchymal-infiltrate lesions are the most frequent radiological manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis, and they are generally associated with cavities. There is a relationship between the presence of acid fast bacilli in sputum and pulmonary cavity lesions.

Resposta proliferativa das células T contra a cruzipaina na cardiopatia chagásica crônica

A natureza dos antigenos do T. cruzi, bem como dos fatores do hospedeiro que contribuem para a cardiopatia chagásica tem sido intensamente investigada nestes últimos anos. Nesse contexto, a caracterização funcional das populações de linfócitos T reativos na fase crônica da doença é particularmente relevante. No presente trabalho, pretende-se analisar a resposta proliferativa de células mononucleares de sangue periférico de pacientes acometidos com a forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas. Os estudos se restrigem à cruzipaina, a cisteíno-protease majoritária do T. cruzi, uma glicoproteína altamente irnunogênica em pacientes chagásicos. Utilizando o índice de estimulação (IE) das culturas de células mononucleares como critério de avaliação de reatividade celular, analisamos 24 individuos: doadores normais (n = 8), cardiopatas não-chagásicos (n = 8) e cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos (n = 8) sem outras associações mórbidas. Pela análise de variância observou-se que os IE dos pacientes chagásicos são significativamente mais altos do que o valor observado nos demais grupos (p = 0,0001) enquanto o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey revelou que a média do IE dos individuos normais e cardiopatas não-chagásicos não difere significativamente entre si. Nossos estudos indicam que a resposta dos linfócitos T, face à cruzipaina, está exclusivamente associada ã doença de Chagas. A análise do repertório de epitópos T da cruzipaina e do padrão funcional de reatividade (Th1/Th2) de linfócitos T de sangue periférico estã sendo presentemente conduzida. Em vista da abundante expressão de cruzipaina presente em amastigotas, é possível que linfócitos T anticruzipaina participem das reações inflamatórias associadas com a cardiopatia chagásica. A caracterização destas subpopulações poderá oferecer possíveis subsídios para a identificação de marcadores de cardiopatia chagásica.

Limiar anaeróbio detectado pela "análise da curva-V" na cardiopatia chagásica crônica

O limiar anaeróbio (LA) medido pela análise da curva-V é a melhor medida da reserva funcional na insuficiência cardíaca e conseqüentemente a medida que melhor retrata o grau de comprometimento cardíaco. No presente trabalho foram estudados 28 pacientes (18 homens; idade média de 47 ± 6,7 anos) com sorologia positiva para a doença de Chagas, com graus variáveis de comprometimento cardíaco segundo a classificação de Los Andes e sem outras doenças associadas. A análise de variância mostrou que o LA dos pacientes do grupo IA (ECG e ventriculograma no ECO normal) é significativamente mais altos do que o valor observado nos demais grupos (p = 0,001). Enquanto o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey revelou que as médias do LA nos pacientes dos grupos IB, II e III (IB:ECG normal; ventriculograma no ECO anormal; II: ECG e venticulograma no ECO anormal sem ICC e III com ICC) não diferem significativamente entre si. O presente estudo demonstra que a ocorrência de alterações ventriculográficas iniciais já se associa a significativa redução da reserva cardiopulmonar e este comprometimento é progressivo e paralelo ao grau de comprometimento hemodinâmico cardíaco. A causa mais provável da redução do LA no grupo IB é a disfunção diastólica constatada ao ecocardiograma.

Larva migrans within scalp sebaceous gland

A case of larva migrans or serpiginous linear dermatitis on the scalp of a teenager is reported. An ancylostomid larva was found within a sebaceous gland acinus. The unusual skin site for larva migrans as well as the penetration through the sebaceous gland are highlighted. The probable mechanism by which the parasite reached the skin adnexa is discussed.

Relação entre o diagnóstico sorológico (ELISA) e a gravidade da tuberculose pulmonar na infância

Foram estudadas 48 crianças de 0 a 13 anos através da realização do ensaio imunoenzimático ligado a enzima (ELISA) para pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG antiPPD, visando estabelecer correlação entre a resposta imune humoral medida pela sorologia e a gravidade da tuberculose, segundo formas radiológicas (leve, moderada e grave). A amostra foi composta de 29 crianças com tuberculose e 19 sem tuberculose comunicantes de tuberculose). Os valores médios (medianas) da densidade óptica do teste ELISA foram, respectivamente: 0,098 na forma gânglio-pulmonar (leve), 0,092 na forma pneumônica (moderada) e 0,134 na tuberculose miliar (grave). Nas crianças não tuberculosas com radiografia de tórax normal, o ELISA foi igual a 0,020. Os achados evidenciam valores mais elevados do teste sorológico relacionados à maior gravidade da doença (p= 0,0007).

Primary lymphoma of the liver treated by extended hepatectomy and chemotherapy: a case report

Primary lymphoma of the liver is an extremely rare entity. A case of anaplastic large B-cell (both CD-20 and lambda positive) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that was confined to the liver in a 33-year-old man is reported. The patient was treated with an extended right hepatectomy and combination chemotherapy: cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone. The patient was disease free 24 months after the procedure.

Portal hyperflow in patients with hepatosplenic mansonic schistosomiasis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess portal hemodynamics in patients with portal hypertension due to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis as well as to assess the contribution of splanchnic hyperflow to the pathophysiology of the portal hypertension. METHODS: Sixteen patients with schistosomal portal hypertension and previous history of upper digestive bleeding due to esophageal varices rupture underwent elective esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy and were prospectively studied. All patients underwent intraoperative invasive hemodynamic portal monitoring with a 4F-thermodilution catheter. The intraoperative portal hemodynamic assessment was conducted after laparotomy (initial) and after esophagogastric devascularization (final). RESULTS: The initial portal pressure was elevated (mean 28.5 ± 4.5 mm Hg), and a significant drop of 25% was observed at the end of the surgery (21.9 ± 4.9 mm Hg). The initial portal flow was elevated (mean 1766.9 ± 686.6 mL/min). A significant fall (42%) occurred at the end of the surgical procedure (1025.62 ± 338.7 mL/min). Fourteen patients (87.5%) presented a portal flow of more than 1200 mL/min, and in 5 cases, values greater than 2000 mL/min were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Esophagogastric devascularization and splenectomy promote a significant reduction of the elevated portal pressure and flow in schistosomal portal hypertension. These data favor the hypothesis of portal hyperflow in the physiopathology of portal hypertension of schistosomiasis.

CANTINONA DE SIMABA POLYPHYLLA(CAVALC.) THOMAS (SIMAROUBACEAE)

Uma cantin-2,6-diona (1) foi isolada do extrato etanólico da madeira de Simaba polyphylla (Cavale.) Thomas coletada próximo a Manaus. O composto 1 foi previamente isolado de S. multiflora, S. guianensis e S. cedron, sendo essa a primeira citação de ocorrência em S. polyphylla.

Primary coronary angioplasty and stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction. Comparative analysis of the in-hospital results in the CENIC/SBHCI registry

OBJECTIVE: Comparative analysis of the in-hospital results after primary implantation of stents or coronary balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: CENIC (National Center of Cardiovascular Interventions) gathered data on 3,924 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty (in the primary form, without the previous use of thrombolytic agents) in the first 24 hours after a MI, during the period of 1996-1998. From these 3,924 patients, 1,337 (34%) underwent stent implantation. We analyzed the success of the procedure and the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: In patients undergoing stent implantation there were more males (77% vs 69%, p=0.001), previous by pass surgery (6.3% vs. 4.5%, p=0.01), anterior MI and stent implantation in left descending artery (55% vs. 48% vs. p=0.009), and saphenous vein bypass grafts (3.3% vs. 1.9%). the procedure was more succesful in the group of stents (97% vs. 84%, p=0.001) and reinfarction rate (2.5 vs. 4%, p=0.002). The need for emergency revascularization was similar (1% vs. 1.1%, NS). Total in-hospital mortality was lower in stent group (3.4% vs. 7. 2%, p=0.0001) and this effect was in patients Killip class III/V (19.5% vs. 32.5%, p= 0.002) because there was no difference in patients class I/II (1.7% vs. 2.8%, p=0.9). CONCLUSION: Primary stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction showed better early results than balloon angioplasty alome.

The use of primary stenting or balloon percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for the treatment of acutely occluded saphenous vein grafts. Results from the Brazilian National Registry - CENIC

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a comparative analysis of the in-hospital outcomes of patients who underwent primary percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTCA) or stent implantation because of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) related to an acute vein graft occlusion. METHODS: Since 1991 the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamic and Interventional Cardiology has maintained a large database (CENIC). From these, we selected all consecutive patients, who underwent primary PTCA or stenting in the first 24 hours of AMI, with the target vessel being an occluded vein graft. Immediate results and major coronary events occurring up until hospital discharge were analyzed. RESULTS: During this period, 5,932 patients underwent primary PTCA or stenting; 158 (3%) of the procedures were performed because of an acute vein graft occlusion. Stenting was performed in 74 (47%) patients. Patients treated with stents had a higher success rate and lower mean residual stenosis compared with those who underwent primary balloon PTCA. The incidence of reinfarction and death were similar for stenting and balloon PTCA. CONCLUSION: Primary percutaneous treatment of AMI related to acute vein graft occlusion is still an uncommon practice. Primary stenting improved luminal diameter and offered higher rates of success; however, this strategy did not reduce the in-hospital reinfarction and death rate, compared with that occurring with PTCA treatment.