Characterization of the phenolic and antioxidant profiles of selected culinary herbs and spices: caraway, turmeric, dill, marjoram and nutmeg

Culinary herbs and spices have long been considered essentially as flavor enhancers or preservatives, with little attention given to their potential health-promoting properties. Nevertheless, recent research has shown them to be significant dietary sources of bioactive phenolic compounds. Despite noteworthy efforts performed in recent years to improve our knowledge of their chemical composition, a detailed phenolic profile of these plant-based products is still lacking. In the present work, antioxidant activities and phenolic composition of five herbs and spices, namely caraway, turmeric, dill, marjoram and nutmeg, have been studied. The use of liquid chromatography coupled to LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry enabled the identification of up to 42 phenolic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, two of them, apigenin-C-hexoside-C-pentoside and apigenin-C-hexoside-C-hexoside have not been previously reported in turmeric. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in polyphenol profiles, with the highest phenolic content found in caraway. Multivariate statistical treatment of the results allowed the detection of distinctive features among the studied herbs and spices.

Análise comparativa da competividade do Brasil e EUA no mercado internacional da carne bovina

O Brasil e os EUA estão entre os principais produtores mundiais de carne bovina. Entretanto, distorções no mercado alimentar decorrentes da presença de barreiras comerciais podem comprometer a competitividade desses países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a competitividade da carne bovina brasileira e norte-americana, no mercado internacional, entre 1990 e 2008. Para isso, foi utilizado o Índice de Competitividade Revelada (CR) para inferir sobre os efeitos que subsídios, acordos comercias e barreiras sanitárias exercem sobre a competitividade da carne bovina dos respectivos países. Os resultados indicaram que o Brasil obteve vantagens competitivas no período de 1991 a 2008, enquanto que os EUA apresentaram vantagens entre 1993 e 2003. Os acordos comerciais elevaram a competitividade dos países envolvidos, contudo ocorreram diminuições dos índices quando problemas sanitários foram identificados. Em suma, os EUA, mesmo com os altos subsídios fornecidos aos produtores rurais, apresentou desempenho inferior em comparação ao Brasil no mercado mundial da carne bovina.

Haemoglobin and red cell counts in leptospirosis patients infected with different serovars

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to compare haemoglobin and red cell counts between patients known to be infected with a range of leptospiral serovars.MethodsThe study retrospectively compared the haemoglobin and red cell count results from the first blood samples taken from 207 patients at presentation to a Queensland Health hospital.ResultsSignificant differences were observed in haemoglobin and red cell counts in those infected with Leptospira interrogans serovars Szwajizak and Canicola when compared with most of the other serovars.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that haemoglobin and red cell counts may be useful in differentiating leptospiral serovars in leptospirosis patients.

Custo anual do manejo da cardiopatia isquêmica crônica no Brasil: perspectiva pública e privada

OBJETIVO: Estimar o custo anual do manejo da doença arterial coronária (DAC) em valores do SUS e convênios. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte, incluindo pacientes ambulatoriais com DAC comprovada. Considerou-se para estimar custos diretos: consultas, exames, procedimentos, internações e medicamentos. Valores de consultas e exames foram obtidos da tabela SUS e da Lista de Procedimentos Médicos (LPM). Valores de eventos cardiovasculares foram obtidos de internações em hospital público e privado com estas classificações diagnósticas em 2002. O preço dos fármacos utilizado foi o de menor custo no mercado. RESULTADOS: Os 147 pacientes (65±12 anos, 63% homens, 69% hipertensos, 35% diabéticos e 59% com IAM prévio) tiveram acompanhamento médio de 24±8 meses. O custo anual médio estimado por paciente foi de R$ 2.733,00, pelo SUS, e R$ 6.788,00, para convênios. O gasto com medicamentos ($ 1.154,00) representou 80% e 55% dos custos ambulatoriais, e 41% e 17% dos gastos totais, pelo SUS e para convênios, respectivamente. A ocorrência de evento cardiovascular teve grande impacto (R$ 4.626,00 vs. R$ 1.312,00, pelo SUS, e R$ 13.453,00 vs. R$ 1.789,00, para convênios, p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: O custo médio anual do manejo da DAC foi elevado, sendo o tratamento farmacológico o principal determinante dos custos públicos. Essas estimativas podem subsidiar análises econômicas nesta área, sendo úteis para nortear políticas de saúde pública.

Estudos sôbre Longicórneos Neotrópicos (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

In this paper, based on the study of the materials of the collections belonging to Dr. C. A. CAMPOS SEABRA and the author's own, the author gives the additional characters of the rare species Volxemia dianella Lam., Sthelenus braconimus Bates and Sth. ichneumoneus Buq., the redescription of the genus Xenocrasis bates, the descriptions of allotypes of the males of Brasilianus testaceicornis melz., Xenocrasis badeni Bates and Oncideres castanea Dill. & Dill., and the key for the determination of the species Colobothea Serv. with 6 (8) pale spots on the elytra. All these species are from Brazil.

Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

We report the frequency of the different diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) categories isolated from children with acute endemic diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia. The E. coli isolates were investigated by colony blot hibridization whit the following genes probes: eae, EAF, bfpA, Stx1, Stx2, ST-Ih, ST-Ip, LT-I, LT-II, INV, and EAEC, as virulence markers to distinguish typical and atypical EPEC, EHEC/STEC, ETEC, EIEC, and EAEC. Seven of the eight categories of DEC were detected. The most frequently isolated was atypical EPEC (10.1%) followed by ETEC (7.5%), and EAEC (4.2%). EHEC, STEC, EIEC, and typical EPEC were each detected once. The strains of ETEC, EAEC, and atypical EPEC belonged to a wide variety of serotypes. The serotypes of the others categories were O26:H11 (EHEC), O21:H21 (STEC), O142:H34 (typical EPEC), and O?H55 (EIEC). We also present the clinical manifestations and other pathogenic species observed in children with DEC. This is the first report of EHEC and STEC in Salvador, and one of the first in Brazil.

Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: challenges and opportunities

Development of vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans is of high priority, given the high burden of disease in some areas of the world like South America, and the lack of effective drugs with few adverse effects. Rodent models have been used in research on vaccines against T. gondii over the past decades. However, regardless of the vaccine construct, the vaccines have not been able to induce protective immunity when the organism is challenged with T. gondii, either directly or via a vector. Only a few live, attenuated T. gondii strains used for immunization have been able to confer protective immunity, which is measured by a lack of tissue cysts after challenge. Furthermore, challenge with low virulence strains, especially strains with genotype II, will probably be insufficient to provide protection against the more virulent T. gondii strains, such as those with genotypes I or II, or those genotypes from South America not belonging to genotype I, II or III. Future studies should use animal models besides rodents, and challenges should be performed with at least one genotype II T. gondii and one of the more virulent genotypes. Endpoints like maternal-foetal transmission and prevention of eye disease are important in addition to the traditional endpoint of survival or reduction in numbers of brain cysts after challenge.

Oxygen consumption of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in heterotrophic medium with zero water exchange

This work aimed at determining the dissolved oxygen consumption rate of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles maintained in a microbial biofloc raceway system at high density with no aeration. Three 4 L bottles were filled for each treatment, sealed hermetically, and placed in an enclosed greenhouse raceway system. Four shrimp (13.2±1.42 g) were assigned to two sets of the bottles, which underwent the following treatments: light conditions with no shrimp; dark conditions with no shrimp; light conditions with shrimp; and dark conditions with shrimp. Dissolved oxygen content was measured every 10 min for 30 min. A quadratic behavior was observed in dissolved oxygen concentration over time. Significant differences for oxigen consumption were observed only at 10 and 20 min between shrimp maintained in the dark and those under light conditions. At 10 min, a higher value was observed in shrimp maintained under light, and at 20 min, in the dark. Significant differences between 10 and 20 min and between 10 and 30 min were observed when oxygen consumption was analyzed over time in the presence of light. Under dark conditions there were significant differences only between 20 and 30 min. Lethal oxygen concentration (0.65 mg L-1) would be reached in less than one hour either under light or dark conditions with no aeration.

Excedente hídrico em diferentes solos e épocas de semeadura do girassol no Rio Grande do Sul

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar datas de semeadura com menor ocorrência média de dias com excedente hídrico para a cultura do girassol, e determinar a persistência de dias consecutivos com excedente hídrico ao se considerar a capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível de diferentes solos da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. O desenvolvimento da cultura e o aprofundamento do sistema radicular foram simulados de acordo com a soma térmica para 14 datas de semeadura, de agosto até meados de fevereiro, com dados de 1968 até 2011. A partir da capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível para as diferentes classes de solos da região, calculou-se o balanço hídrico sequencial diário para determinar os dias com excesso hídrico. Avaliou-se a ocorrência de dias com excesso hídrico em diferentes subperíodos de desenvolvimento da cultura, e procedeu-se à análise exploratória com gráficos box-plot para determinação da persistência de dias consecutivos com excesso hídrico durante todo o ciclo da cultura. O excedente hídrico limita o cultivo de girassol em determinadas áreas e períodos na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. A persistência de dias consecutivos com excedente hídrico e a duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura são influenciados pela data de semeadura.