Is the International Business Environment the actual context for international business research?

The International Business Environment (IBE) has been argued to be the essential context for international business (IB) studies and the distinguishing factor from other management studies and studies of large enterprises. Two content analysis show that many papers published in top tier IB journals either lack reference to any dimension of the IBE or tend to be uni-or bi-dimensional when addressing the IBE; it is not a surprise that the cultural dimension is the most often used. We suggest that: (a) there is need to developed more uni-and multi-dimensional environmental constructs; (b) a more holistic view of the IBE provides richer insights on the actual complexity underlying IB research. Future studies that provide more comprehensive models of the IBE that overcome the usual broad classifications of the international environment as undefined and uncontrollable factors are warranted to advance conceptual and empirical research.

Agregando valores a las cadenas de valor

Este artículo presenta una matriz de factores a tomar en cuenta para priorizar las cadenas de valor agrícolas seleccionadas como foco de las iniciativas público-privadas para impulsar su desarrollo. Dichos factores dan especial importancia a temas de responsabilidad social empresarial. Se ilustra su uso con datos y una revisión de la literatura sobre Perú.

Corporeidade Matsigenka: uma realidade não biológica sobre noções de consciência e a constituição da identidade

Partindo do caso específico dos Matsigenka que habitam as selvas montanhosas do sudeste do Peru, este artigo questiona algumas das suposições associadas à concepção predominante sobre o perspectivismo amazônico. Por meio da análise de diversos registros culturais, como rituais de nascimento e narrativas míticas, noções dos Matsigenka sobre o ser, a alma e o eu são aqui discutidas e confrontadas com a importância freqüentemente atribuída à forma física na conceituação do mundo. Contrastando com a ênfase dada ao corpóreo, defendo que, segundo gente matsigenka, é o eu ciente e não corpóreo o que determina a perspectiva e a identidade. Em sintonia com isso, a transformação corporal é vista como conseqüência do desejo de sociabilidade do Eu, e não das intenções predatórias do Outro.

Excreción de promastigotos de Leishmania pifanoi por Lutzomyia youngi experimentalmente infectada

Se describe el desarrollo poblacional promastigótico de Leishmania pifanoi en Lutzomyia youngi experimentalmente infectada y mantenida con sacarosa al 50% bajo condiciones constantes de temperatura y humedad. Se reconocen dos etapas para la diferenciación y el crecimiento de los parásitos entre las dos y ciento veinte horas postprandiales. Hasta 48 horas tiene lugar la diferenciación pleomórfica de amastigotos en promastigotos cortos, que se multiplican por división binaria hasta las 60 horas, cuando ocurre la ruptura de la membrana peritrófica. La segunda etapa tiene lugar entre las 72 y 96 horas cuando algunos parásitos migran hacia la válvula esofágica y los demás parásitos libres son excretados en gotitas fecales como promastigotos grandes y activos. Las primeras gotitas excretadas dan reacción positiva a glucosa o contienen cristales de urato. El exceso de promastigotos de la segunda fase de desarrollo es eliminado en las últimas excretas que dan reacción positiva con las pruebas Hemoscreen y Biuret para proteínas totales y también para glucosa, y constituyen el 82% del total de gotas excretadas. La excreción de parásitos por Lu. youngi es fase normal del desarrollo de L. pifanoi en un vector.

Tolerancias y resistencias: el aborto desde la perspectiva de las parteras tradicionales de un área rural de México

OBJETIVO: Conocer la percepción, recursos y prácticas que sobre el aborto tienen las parteras de un área rural mexicana, el Municipio de Yecapixtla, Morelos, situado en la parte central de México. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó método cualitativo, realizándose entrevistas en profundidad, grupos focales y observación participativa. Los tópicos indagados fueron aspectos socioculturales, sexualidad, reproducción y aspectos de salud en relación al aborto. Se entrevistó en profundidad a 9 parteras y se realizó un grupo focal en el que participaron 16 parteras. RESULTADOS: Éstos dan cuenta de una profunda actitud de rechazo ante el aborto, inducido o espontáneo. El primero se conceptúa como un pecado grave y el segundo como un fracaso en la principal función de la mujer en estas comunidades, la reproducción. Las mujeres que abortan son llamadas "puercas", "cochinas" o "perras" y las parteras se muestran reacias a atenderlas. Sin embargo, es común entre las mujeres de la comunidad la práctica de la "regulación de la regla", es decir, la utilización de sustancias que hacen que aparezca la menstruación si ésta se ha retrasado. Dicha práctica no se considera abortiva. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento del mundo de significaciones populares en torno al aborto es imprescindible para construir modelos y estrategias efectivas que, desde los servicios institucionales de salud, refuercen los vínculos entre éstos y las parteras tradicionales, de manera que se mejore el acceso a servicios y la calidad de la atención a las mujeres.

THE FIRST CASE OF Angiostrongylus cantonensis EOSINOPHILIC MENINGITIS DIAGNOSED IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Introduction: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a natural parasite found in lung arteries of rats, which in humans may cause eosinophilic meningitis. Objective: To report the first case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Case report: A male patient, 11 years old, living in the southern area of São Paulo, was admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department with ongoing headaches for three days, but no fever or any other complaint. The presence of snails and rodents was reported in the peridomicile. The child was awake, lucid, oriented; muscular strength preserved, isochoric, photo reagent pupils and terminal nuchal rigidity - Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) = 15. The laboratory tests showed a mild leukocytosis with 1736 eosinophils/mm3 and the CSF analysis disclosed 160 leukocytes/mm3 with 36% of eosinophils. The bacterial culture was negative. Computed Cerebral Tomography showed no alterations. The RT-PCR assay for detecting Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae and DNA was negative. ELISA antibodies for IgG anti-A. cantonensis was negative in serum and undetermined in CSF and samples collected five days after the onset of symptoms. Seroconversion was observed in the sample collected 135 days later. Conclusion: the epidemiological and clinical data, the CSF alterations with eosinophilia and the seroconversion strongly suggest Angiostrongylus cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis.

Clinical use of growth hormone and glutamine in short bowel syndrome

Growth hormone (GH) and glutamine (GLN) are considered bowel trophic factors and are used experimentally after bowel resection. Their clinical uses in short bowel syndrome (SBS) are still not standardized. It is of interest to verify metabolic, nutritional and side effects of the association of GH and GLN in SBS. Three patients, 39 (A), 33 (B), and 01 years old (C) underwent bowel resection with jejunum anastomosis 15 cm (A) and 60 cm (B) distant from the Treitz angle, and 40 cm (C) preserving the ileo cecal valve. GH Saizen (Serono - A), Genotropin (Pharmacia - B), and Norditropin (Novonordisk C) were administered in doses of 0.14 mg /kg/day. GLN (0.4 g/kg/day) was given orally for 10 days (A), 30 days (B) and 60 days to patient C (0.28 g/kg/day). Central TPN and adequate oral diet was administered according to the bowel adaptation phase. On the first day after beginning treatment patient A exhibited symptoms of hypoglycemia. There were no other side effects. After treatment, body weight was higher and analysis by bioelectrical impedance showed more lean mass and less fat mass compared to pre-treatment measurements. Nitrogen retention was progressively higher with treatment. Simultaneous treatment with GH and GLN does not cause significant side effects, and is associated with a favorable distribution of the body compartments and nitrogen retention in patients with the short bowel syndrome.

Long term (five-year) survival following radical surgical treatment plus adjuvant chemotherapy (FAM) in advanced gastric cancer: a controlled study

Several drugs and their associations are being used for adjuvant or complementary chemotherapy with the aim of improving results of gastric cancer treatment. The objective of this study was to verify the impact of these drugs on nutrition and on survival rate after radical treatment of 53 patients with gastric cancer in stage III of the TNM classification. A control group including 28 patients who had only undergone radical resection was compared to a group of 25 patients who underwent the same operative technique followed by adjuvant polychemotherapy with FAM (5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and mitomycin C). In this latter group, chemotherapy toxicity in relation to hepatic, renal, cardiologic, neurological, hematologic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological functions was also studied. There was no significant difference on admission between both groups in relation to gender, race, macroscopic tumoral type of tumor according to the Borrmann classification, location of the tumor in the stomach, length of the gastric resection, or response to cutaneous tests on delayed sensitivity. Chemotherapy was started on average, 2.3 months following surgical treatment. Clinical and laboratory follow-up of all patients continued for 5 years. The following conclusions were reached: 1) The nutritional status and incidence of gastrointestinal manifestation were similar in both groups; 2) There was no occurrence of cardiac, renal, neurological, or hepatic toxicity or death due to the chemotherapeutic method per se; 3) Dermatological alterations and hematological toxicity occurred exclusively in patients who underwent polychemotherapy; 4) There was no significant difference between the rate and site of tumoral recurrence, the disease-free interval, or the survival rate of both study groups; 5) Therefore, we concluded, after a 5-year follow-up, chemotherapy with the FAM regimen did not increase the survival rate.

Inflammatory bowel diseases: principles of nutritional therapy

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease- are chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Decreased oral intake, malabsorption, accelerated nutrient losses, increased requirements, and drug-nutrient interactions cause nutritional and functional deficiencies that require proper correction by nutritional therapy. The goals of the different forms of nutritional therapy are to correct nutritional disturbances and to modulate inflammatory response, thus influencing disease activity. Total parenteral nutrition has been used to correct and to prevent nutritional disturbances and to promote bowel rest during active disease, mainly in cases of digestive fistulae with high output. Its use should be reserved for patients who cannot tolerate enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is effective in inducing clinical remission in adults and promoting growth in children. Due to its low complication rate and lower costs, enteral nutrition should be preferred over total parenteral nutrition whenever possible. Both present equal effectiveness in primary therapy for remission of active Crohn's disease. Nutritional intervention may improve outcome in certain individuals; however, because of the costs and complications of such therapy, careful selection is warranted, especially in patients presumed to need total parenteral nutrition. Recent research has focused on the use of nutrients as primary treatment agents. Immunonutrition is an important therapeutic alternative in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases, modulating the inflammation and changing the eicosanoid synthesis profile. However, beneficial reported effects have yet to be translated into the clinical practice. The real efficacy of these and other nutrients (glutamine, short-chain fatty acids, antioxidants) still need further evaluation through prospective and randomized trials.

¿Ética ecológica o medioambiental?

La emergencia y la magnitud que los problemas ambientales han ganado en las tres ultimas décadas han posibilitado una gran producción científica acerca del tema de la ecología y el medio ambiente, principalmente en relación a como la humanidad se debe comportar delante de la naturaleza. Es frecuente en las ciencias sociales la utilización de los términos ecológico y medioambiental como sinónimos. Todavía, desde el punto de vista de la ética es necesario hacer distinciones debido a las concepciones teóricas que dan sostenibilidad a las discusiones, una vez que existen divergencias conceptuales fundamentales que deben ser aclaradas para que no se cometa el error de mezclar concepciones y teorías que son fundamentalmente distintas y deben dar la profundidad teórica que la problemática exige. Así, este trabajo se propone a aclarar las dos concepciones haciendo la distinción entre lo que debe ser tratado como ética medioambiental y ética ecológica, dando énfasis en este ultimo concepto y haciendo una recopilación de los principales autores que fundamentan esta corriente teórica, de forma a servir de texto orientador para quien necesite de estudiar la ética ecológica con profundidad, incluso dando soporte para estudios en áreas como la sociología y la economía.