Seasonal variation in hospitalizations due to heart failure in Niterói city, Southeastern Brazil

The objective of the study was to describe seasonality of hospitalizations for heart failure in tropical climate as it has been described in cold climates. Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving-Average model was applied to time-series data of heart failure hospitalizations between 1996 and 2004 in Niteroi (Southeastern Brazil), collected from the Brazilian National Health Service Database. The standard seasonal variation was obtained by means of moving-average filtering and averaging data. The lowest and the highest annual hospital admissions were 507 (1997) and 849 (2002), respectively; the lowest and the highest monthly rates were 419 (December) and 681 (October), respectively. Peak admission rates were seen during the fall and winter. Although weak, the seasonality observed indicates that slight variations result in increased hospitalizations for heart failure.

Characterization of pesticide consumption in the county of Santarém, Pará, Brazil

Many potentially harmful pesticides for both human health and the environment are used in Brazilian Amazon. However, no scientific datum on pesticide usage is presently available for this region. Consequently, it is difficult to assess which substances arc used and in which quantities. As an important premise for future work on pesticide contamination in the county of Santarém (State of Pará, Brazil), a survey was conducted in order to qualify and quantify the use of some pesticides in this region. This investigation was made between January and March 1997 and August and October 1998 and revealed use of several organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates insecticides. Furthermore, many herbicides and fungicides were listed. These pesticides are used for agriculture, domestic, and sanitary programs. This paper also provides a first estimation of quantities of some insecticides commonly used in agriculture (chlorpyrifos, malathion, metamidophos and methyl-parathion). The annual consumption for these four compounds is estimated at ca. 1 910 kg. Organophosphate insecticide consumption in the county of Santarém seems to be lower than the Brazilian average in terms of «per capita» and «per agricultural area» consumptions. Nevertheless, this county uses toxic substances on sensitive environments such as floodplains (várzeas), making relevant a thorough study on the potential contamination of this environment and its biota.

Uso inapropriado da ecocardiografia transtorácica, segundo recomendações da SBC

FUNDAMENTO: Diretrizes são fontes de recomendações para a solicitação adequada de exames. Em 2009, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) publicou novas Diretrizes para a ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de solicitações ambulatoriais Classe III para ETT e analisar o perfil destas solicitações comparando-as entre um hospital público universitário (HPU) e um hospital cardiológico privado (HCP). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas prospectivamente 779 solicitações consecutivas de ETT ambulatoriais: 391 do HCP e 388 do HPU, entre dezembro de 2009 a maio de 2010. A distribuição das indicações foi comparada pelo teste qui-quadrado. O valor de significância estatística adotado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Das 779 indicações ambulatoriais, 61 (7,8%) foram consideradas Classe III. Destas 14 eram do HPU e 47 do HCP. A distribuição das indicações diferiu de modo significativo entre as instituições (p < 0,001): check-up em pacientes assintomáticos liderou as indicações inapropriadas com 37 casos (33 no HCP - 89,18%); seguido de avaliação pós-angioplastia em 9 casos (8 na instituição privada - 88,88%); acompanhamento de função ventricular em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca estável com 6 casos (4 no HPU - 66,66%); pós-cirurgia de revascularização, 5 casos (4 no HCP - 80%); e avaliação de alteração eletrocardiográfica inespecífica em 4 casos (4 no HPU - 100%). CONCLUSÃO: Avaliação de assintomáticos é a causa principal de indicações classe III no ETT que diferiram entre as instituições: avaliação de check-up na instituição privada versus acompanhamento de insuficiência cardíaca na pública.

Method to estimate soil macroporosity and microporosity based on sand content and bulk density

Macroporosity is often used in the determination of soil compaction. Reduced macroporosity can lead to poor drainage, low root aeration and soil degradation. The aim of this study was to develop and test different models to estimate macro and microporosity efficiently, using multiple regression. Ten soils were selected within a large range of textures: sand (Sa) 0.07-0.84; silt 0.03-0.24; clay 0.13-0.78 kg kg-1 and subjected to three compaction levels (three bulk densities, BD). Two models with similar accuracy were selected, with a mean error of about 0.02 m³ m-3 (2 %). The model y = a + b.BD + c.Sa, named model 2, was selected for its simplicity to estimate Macro (Ma), Micro (Mi) or total porosity (TP): Ma = 0.693 - 0.465 BD + 0.212 Sa; Mi = 0.337 + 0.120 BD - 0.294 Sa; TP = 1.030 - 0.345 BD 0.082 Sa; porosity values were expressed in m³ m-3; BD in kg dm-3; and Sa in kg kg-1. The model was tested with 76 datum set of several other authors. An error of about 0.04 m³ m-3 (4 %) was observed. Simulations of variations in BD as a function of Sa are presented for Ma = 0 and Ma = 0.10 (10 %). The macroporosity equation was remodeled to obtain other compaction indexes: a) to simulate maximum bulk density (MBD) as a function of Sa (Equation 11), in agreement with literature data; b) to simulate relative bulk density (RBD) as a function of BD and Sa (Equation 13); c) another model to simulate RBD as a function of Ma and Sa (Equation 16), confirming the independence of this variable in relation to Sa for a fixed value of macroporosity and, also, proving the hypothesis of Hakansson & Lipiec that RBD = 0.87 corresponds approximately to 10 % macroporosity (Ma = 0.10 m³ m-3).