In vitro interaction of Brazilian strains of the Nematode-trapping fungi Arthrobotrys spp. on Panagrellus sp. and Cooperia punctata

In vitro tests were carried out to verify the activity of 26 Brazilian isolates of predatory fungi of the genus Arthrobotrys on a free-living nematode (Panagrellus sp.) and on infective larvae of Cooperia punctata, a parasitic gastrointestinal nematode of cattle. The results showed that the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. was the most preyed upon, compared to C. punctata, for all the fungal treatments. Also, variable predatory capacity was observed for different fungal isolates belonging to the same genus when applied to different nematode species.

Condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura

Apresentamos um caso de uma lactente de dois meses de idade acometida pela forma recessiva da condrodisplasia punctata, doença caracterizada, radiologicamente, por acentuado encurtamento proximal e distúrbio de ossificação (epífises puntiformes) dos membros. São enfatizados os achados clínico-radiológicos, bem como seus principais diagnósticos diferenciais, baseados em dados de breve revisão da literatura.

Poisoning by Poiretia punctata in cattle and sheep

Poiretia punctata (Willd.) Desv. was associated with cattle and sheep poisoning on nine farms in the State of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. The animals were found dead or died later after showing clinical signs for up to 18 hours. Two sheep that ingested 40g/kg body weight (g/kg) of fresh P. punctata died three and eight hours after ingestion, respectively. Another sheep that ingested 40g/kg five days after plant collection showed mild clinical signs and recovered after 24 hours. Two sheep that received 20g/kg and another that ingested three daily doses of 20g/kg showed clinical signs, but recovered. Two cattle that ingested 20g/kg of the fresh plant exhibited clinical signs and recovered. The clinical observations of poisoning were depression, ataxia, loss of equilibrium, broad-based stance, head down, falls, mandibular trismus, opisthotonous, nystagmus, and recumbence. Significant gross and histologic lesions were not observed. Samples of P. punctata were analyzed for nitrates, cyanogenic glycosides, and sodium monofluouracetate with negative results. It is concluded that P. punctata is a toxic plant that caused death in cattle and sheep in the State of Sergipe.

Efeitos de herbicidas nos teores de clorofilas de Spirodela punctata

Com o objetivo de verificar na planta aquática Spirodela punctata o efeito de diferentes concentrações (0,005; 0,05; 0,5 e 5 mgL-1 de ingrediente ativo) dos herbicidas butachlor, glyphosate e propanil sobre os teores de clorofila a, b e na razão clorofila a/b, foram conduzidos, por sete dias completos, bioensaios em sala climatizada. Determinou-se os teores de clorofilas através de leituras espectrofotométricas nas absorbâncias A645 e A663 nm. Os resultados mostraram que o butachlor diminuiu o teor de clorofila b, o glyphosate o teor de clorofila a, enquanto o propanil diminuiu os teores de clorofila a, b e a razão a/b, provocando a maior redução de pigmentos na espécie.

Dispersión de semillas de Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) por frugívoros terrestres en Laguna Azul, Beni, Bolivia

El acopio esparcido ha recibido singular atención en las últimas décadas, y muchos estudios se han centrado en semillas de palmeras dispersadas por Dasyprocta. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar las especies consumidoras de frutos de Mauritia flexuosa, evaluar la importancia relativa de esas especies y el destino de las semillas dispersadas. Utilizamos experimentos de campo para evaluar el destino de las semillas removidas por frugívoros, en la Reserva de la Biosfera Pilón Lajas, Bolivia. Predijimos que las semillas enterradas por Dasyprocta tendrían menor mortalidad que las no enterradas. Colocamos 6-16 estaciones de frutos, con 15-50 frutos cada una, en cinco periodos de muestreo cubriendo un año. Los principales dispersores de M. flexuosa fueron D. punctata y Cuniculus paca, que transportan las semillas un máximo de 12.63 m y 14.1 m, respectivamente. Los dispersores removieron 7.5% de los frutos de las estaciones. Todas las semillas dispersadas en cuatro de los muestreos fueron depredadas o se pudrieron; solamente el 0.5% de las semillas dispersadas en febrero germinaron. De las semillas colocadas sobre y debajo del suelo en época seca y húmeda, solamente sobrevivieron aquellas enterradas en la época húmeda; el resto fueron depredadas o se pudrieron. Ninguna de las 84 semillas removidas por D. punctata fue enterrada, lo cual difiere de casi todos los reportes sobre el comportamiento de Dasyprocta. Discutimos este resultado en relación al posible efecto de la humedad del suelo y el tamaño de las semillas, y postulamos que la elevada abundancia del recurso haría innecesario acopiar semillas bajo suelo

Comportamento do Heterocromossômio em alguns Ortópteros do Brasil

In the present paper the behavior of the heterochromoso-mes in the course of the meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes in 15 species of Orthoptera belonging to 6 different families was studied. The species treated and their respective chromosome numbers were: Phaneropteridae: Anaulacomera sp. - 1 - 2n = 30 + X, n +15+ X and 15. Anaulacomera sp. - 2 - 2n - 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Stilpnochlora marginella - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15= X and 15. Scudderia sp. - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Posldippus citrifolius - 2n = 24 + X, n = 12+X and 12. Acrididae: Osmilia violacea - 2n = 22+X, n = 11 + X and 11. Tropinotus discoideus - 2n = 22+ X, n = 11 + X and 11. Leptysma dorsalis - 2n = 22 + X, n = 11-J-X and 11. Orphulella punctata - 2n = 22-f X, n = 11 + X and 11. Conocephalidae: Conocephalus sp. - 2n = 32 + X, n = 16 + X and 16. Proscopiidae: Cephalocoema zilkari - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+ X and 8. Tetanorhynchus mendesi - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+X and 8. Gryliidae: Gryllus assimilis - 2n = 28 + X, n = 14+X and 14. Gryllodes sp. - 2n = 20 + X, n = 10- + and 10. Phalangopsitidae: Endecous cavernicola - 2n = 18 +X, n = 94-X and 9. It was pointed out by the present writer that in the Orthoptera similarly to what he observed in the Hemiptera the heterochromosome in the heterocinetic division shows in the same individual indifferently precession, synchronism or succession. This lack of specificity is therefore pointed here as constituting the rule and not the exception as formerly beleaved by the students of this problem, since it occurs in all the species referred to in the present paper and probably also m those hitherto investigated. The variability in the behavior of the heterochromosome which can have any position with regard to the autosomes even in the same follicle is attributed to the fact that being rather a stationary body it retains in anaphase the place it had in metaphase. When this place is in the equator of the cell the heterochromosome will be left behind as soon as anaphase begins (succession). When, on the contrary, laying out of this plane as generally happens (precession) it will sooner be reached (synchronism) or passed by the autosomes (succession). Due to the less kinetic activity of the heterochromosome it does not orient itself at metaphase remaining where it stands with the kinetochore looking indifferently to any direction. At the end of anaphase and sometimes earlier the heterochromosome begins to show mitotic activities revealed by the division of its body. Then, responding to the influence of the nearer pole it moves to it being enclosed with the autosomes in the nucleus formed there. The position of the heterochromosome in the cell is explained in the following manner: It is well known that the heterochromosome of the Orthoptera is always at the periphery of the nucleus, just beneath the nuclear membrane. This position may be any in regard of the axis of the dividing cell, so that if one of the poles of the spindle comes to coincide with it, the heterochromosome will appear at this pole in the metaphasic figures. If, on the other hand, the angle formed by the axis of the spindle with the ray reaching the heterochromosome increases the latter will appear in planes farther and farther apart from the nearer pole until it finishes by being in the equatorial plane. In this way it is not difficult to understand precession, synchronism or succession. In the species in which the heterochromosome is very large as it generally happens in the Phaneropteridae, the positions corresponding to precession are much more frequent. This is due to the fact that the probabilities for the heterochromosome taking an intermediary position between the equator and the poles at the time the spindle is set up are much greater than otherwise. Moreover, standing always outside the spindle area it searches for a place exactly where this area is larger, that is, in the vicinity of the poles. If it comes to enter the spindle area, what has very little probability, it would be, in virtue of its size, propelled toward the pole by the nearing anaphasic plate. The cases of succession are justly those in which the heterochromosome taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis it can adjust its large body also in the equator or in its proximity. In the species provided with small heterochromosome (Gryllidae, Conocephalidae, Acrididae) succession is found much more frequently because here as in the Hemiptera (PIZA 1945) the heterochromosome can equally take equatorial or subequatorial positions, and, furthermore, when in the spindle area it does offer no sereous obstacle to the passage of the autosomes. The position of the heterochromosome at the periphery of the nucleus at different stages may be as I suppose, at least in part a question of density. The less colourability and the surface irregularities characteristic of this element may well correspond to a less degree of condensation which may influence passive movements. In one of the species studied here (Anaulacomera sp.- 1) included in the Phaneropteridae it was observed that the plasmosome is left motionless in the spindle as the autosomes move toward the poles. It passes to one of the secondary spermatocytes being not included in its nucleus. In the second division it again passes to one of the cells being cast off when the spermatid is being transformed into spermatozoon. Thus it is regularly found among the tails of the spermatozoa in different stages of development. In the opinion of the present writer, at least in some cases, corpuscles described as Golgi body's remanents are nothing more than discarded plasmosomes.

Espécies novas e chave para as espécies de Callia (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

New species described: Callia marginata from Peru, C. punctata from Colombia, C. annulata from Ecuador, C. tristis from Bolivia, C. paraguaya from Paraguay; from Brazil: C. divisa and C. tomentosa (Mato Grosso), and C. lissonota (Rondônia). A key to the species of Callia is added.

Cubozoa e Scyphozoa (Cnidaria: Medusozoa) de águas costeiras do Brasil

As espécies de Cubozoa e Scyphozoa costeiras que ocorrem no Brasil são descritas, com base em espécimes de coleções de museus e exemplares recém-coletados. Chaves de identificação e um glossário também são apresentados. As espécies descritas são: Aurelia sp.; Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow, 1892; Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Müller, 1859); Chrysaora lactea Eschscholtz, 1829; Drymonema dalmatinum Haeckel, 1880; Linuche unguiculata (Swartz, 1788); Lychnorhiza lucerna Haeckel, 1880; Nausithoe aurea Silveira & Morandini, 1997; Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884; Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz, 1862; Tamoya haplonema Müller, 1859 e Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897.

Novas espécies e novas ocorrências de Xenofrea (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)

Novos registros: Xenofrea apicalis Melzer, 1931 para o Paraguai e X. triangularis Martins & Galileo, 2005 para o Brasil (Rondônia). Novas espécies: X. fasciolata sp. nov. e X. camixaima sp. nov. (Brasil: Rondônia e Bolívia: Santa Cruz); X. clarkei sp. nov., X. punctata sp. nov., X. nana sp. nov. (Bolívia: Santa Cruz); X. obscura sp. nov. (Argentina: Entre Ríos e Bolívia: Santa Cruz).

Revisão de Pseudoparlatoria (Hemiptera, Diaspididae)

Revisou-se a taxonomia das espécies incluídas em Pseudoparlatoria Cockerell, 1892, através do exame das séries tipo, exemplares obtidos nas localidades-tipo e material disponível em coleções científicas. Foram redescritas: P. argentata Hempel, 1912; P. browni McKenzie, 1963; P. campinensis Lepage & Giannotti, 1946; P. carolilehmanni Balachowsky, 1959; P. caucae Balachowsky, 1959; P. circularis Lepage, 1942; P. constricta Fonseca, 1975; P. elongata Ferris, 1941; P. fuscaFerris, 1941; P. fusiformisFonseca, 1969; P. lentigo Ferris, 1942; P. maculata Ferris, 1942; P. noacki Cockerell, 1898; P. occultata (Hempel, 1937); P. ostreataCockerell, 1892; P. parlatorioides(Comstock, 1883); P. perparvula Ferris, 1942; P. pisai (Hempel, 1904); P. punctata Ferris, 1942; P. rossetae Fonseca, 1969; P. serrulata Townsend & Cockerell, 1898; P. subcircularis Balachowsky, 1959; P. tillandsiae Tippins, 1970; P. trimaculata Lepage & Giannotti, 1946; P. turgida Ferris, 1941. Duas novas combinações são estabelecidas, P. mammata(Ferris, 1941); P. sculpta (Ferris, 1941). Uma chave para identificação das espécies é apresentada.

Pentastomídeos de répteis do Brasil: revisão dos cephalobaenidae

Foram estudados os Cephalobaenidae (Pentastomida), depositados na coleção helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e na coleção de parasitologia do Instituto Butantan. São redescritas e discutidas as espécies, Cephalobaena tetrapoda, C. freitasi, C. giglioli, Raillietiella furcocerca e Mahafaliella venteli. Esses parasitas foram coletados dos répteis: Lachesis sp., Drymarchon c. corais, Xenodon merremii, Crotatus terrificus, Amphisbaena sp., Tropidurus torquatus, Bothrops atrox, Mabuya punctata e de Bufo paracnemis (anfíbio).

Notes on species of the genus Agria R.-D. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae)

A key is given for the identification of females of all Holarctic species included into this genus, and keys are provided for distinguishing third instar larvae and puparia of two Palaeartic species. In addition to these, the description of the A. monachae (Kr.) female has been expanded.

Novos táxons em Elaphidionini (Cerambycinae) e Onciderini (Lamiinae) e novos registros em Cerambycidae

Fundamentados em material da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (Museu de Entomologia), descreve-se em Cerambycinae, Elaphidionini: Magaliella gen. nov., espécie-tipo, M. punctata sp. nov. (Espírito Santo) e em Lamiinae, Onciderini: Oncideres hoffmanni sp. nov. (Bahia). Acrescentam-se novos registros para o Brasil: Potiaxixa intermedia (Martins, 1979) (Bahia); Appula melancholica Gounelle, 1909 (Distrito Federal), Pseudogisostola reichardti Fontes & Martins, 1977 (Rio de Janeiro), Hesycha bimaculata Martins & Galileo, 1990 (Bahia) e .Xenofrea apicalis Melzer, 1931 (Rio de Janeiro).

Gafanhotos (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) em áreas de cerrados e lavouras na Chapada dos Parecis, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Gafanhotos (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) em áreas de cerrados e lavouras na Chapada dos Parecis, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foi determinada a composição e abundância de espécies de gafanhotos usando amostragem com rede entomológica durante 3 anos de estudo na Chapada dos Parecis, estado de Mato Grosso. O levantamento foi feito em áreas de lavouras e com vegetação ainda nativa (cerrados) com, respectivamente, 56 e 59 locais inventariados em cada ambiente. Foram coletados 3.031 indivíduos de gafanhotos de 64 espécies distribuídas entre as famílias e subfamílias: Acrididae (49): Gomphocerinae (21), Ommatolampinae (10), Melanoplinae (6), Acridinae (4) Leptysminae (3), Copiocerinae (3), Proctolabinae (1) e Cyrtacanthacridinae (1); Romaleidae (1): Romaleinae (13) e Ommexechidae (1): Ommexechinae (2), além de 1550 ninfas. A diversidade de espécies foi maior no cerrado (61) do que nas lavouras (16), ocorrendo o inverso com relação à abundância onde as espécies Baeacris punctulatus (Thunberg, 1824) e Orphulella punctata (De Geer, 1773) predominaram representando 49,5% do total de indivíduos coletados em toda a Chapada dos Parecis e, juntas, somam 78,8% da abundância registrada nas áreas de lavouras e tem potencial de se tornarem pragas.

Eficácia anti-helmíntica comparativa da associação albendazole, levamisole e ivermectina à moxidectina em ovinos

Avaliou-se a eficácia anti-helmíntica da associação de albendazole 2,0%, cloridrato de levamisole 2,55% e ivermectina 0,08% comparativamente à moxidectina 1% em ovinos naturalmente infectados. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos para a composição de três grupos experimentais com oito animais cada: T1, ovinos tratados com a associação albendazole, levamisole e ivermectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 4 kg-1 de peso corporal; T2, ovinos tratados com moxidectina, na dosagem de 1 mL 50 kg-1 de peso corporal e T3, ovinos sem tratamento anti-helmíntico. Foram realizadas contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia após os tratamentos. No sétimo dia todos os ovinos foram necropsiados e todos os helmintos encontrados no trato gastrintestinal foram quantificados e identificados quanto ao gênero e à espécie. A associação dos diferentes princípios ativos foi 100% eficaz no combate às espécies Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, C. curticei e Strongyloides papillosus e, a moxidectina eliminou as seis primeiras espécies citadas. Contra Haemonchus contortus a associação apresentou eficácia superior (93%) à moxidectina (51,4%). Ambas formulações foram eficazes contra Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A associação medicamentosa utilizada constitui alternativa no controle das nematodioses ovinas.