Prevalência de Cryptosporidium sp. em cães de instituições da cidade de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Os cães são importante fonte de infecção da criptosporidiose para o homem. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium sp. em cães e, adicionalmente, comparar duas técnicas de análise fecal. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 450 amostras fecais de cães na cidade de São Paulo entre 2003 e 2004. Os espécimes fecais foram randomicamente selecionados: 200 amostras de cães provenientes de um hospital veterinário universitário público (grupo 1) e 250 amostras de canis particulares (grupo 2). A pesquisa de Cryptosporidium sp. foi realizada empregando-se a coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada e a técnica de PCR. Foi empregado o teste de duas proporções com intervalo de confiança de 0,05 (z crítico=±1,645). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados somente oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum. A prevalência observada pela microscopia de luz foi de 8,8% e com a técnica de PCR foi de 9,5%. Os animais jovens apresentaram menor freqüência (5,5%) em relação aos adultos (10,1%) e não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante na prevalência entre machos e fêmeas. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de C. parvum na população canina estudada foi semelhante às observadas em outros estudos e acometendo em igual proporção machos e fêmeas. A técnica de PCR permitiu a detecção de um número maior de casos positivos que a microscopia de luz.

Acute diarrhoea associated with Cryptosporidium sp in Belém, Brazil (preliminary report)

Cryptosporidium sp was detected in faeces from three children suffering from acute diarrhoea. In two cases no other concomitant agents were detected and in a 3rd. this agent was associated with Entamoeba histolytic, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix mesnili and Pentatricbomonas hominis.

Parasitismo por Cryptosporidium sp. em crianças com diarréia aguda

No período de agosto de 1987 a julho de 1990, examinaram-se, na Seção de Enteroparasitoses do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 241 amostras de fezes de crianças, com idade variável entre 1 e 48 meses, que apresentavam episódio agudo de diarréia e foram atendidas no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Quarenta e duas (17,43%) amostras revelaram a presença de Cryptosporidium sp. após coloração por fucsina-carbólica. O achado de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. foi mais freqüente no período compreendido pelos meses de março a maio. Os autores discutem as associações entre Cryptosporidium sp. e outros agentes diarréicos.

Infection by Cryptosporidium sp. in immunocompromised haematological patients

The frequency of intestinal infection by Cryptosporidium sp. was determined in 60 patients, attended at the Haematological and Haemotherapeutical Service of "Santa Casa de Misericórdia" of São Paulo, suffering lymphoproliferative diseases (Group 1). As control group (Group 2) 59 persons without haematological diseases, but with the same life time and living at the same place of that of haematological patients, had been examined. The stool parasitological tests performed disclosed Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in six (10%) individuals belonging to Group 1, whereas, in Group 2, nobody showed infection by this coccidian. Among the patients infected by Cryptosporidium sp. only one showed diarrhoeal faeces.

Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in non diarrheal faeces from children, in a day care center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The protozoan Cryptosporidium sp. has been frequently detected in faeces from children with persistent diarrhoea. This work achieved to investigate an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, in a day care center, attending children of high socio-economic level, between 0 and six years old. The outbreak was detected through the network of public health, when stool samples, not diarrhoeic, were examined at the Parasitology Service of the Adolfo Lutz Institute. Among the 64 examined children, 13 (20.3%) showed oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. in the faeces examined by Kinyoun technique: seven children one year old, three, two years old and three, three years old. Among the 23 examined adults, only a 22 years old woman, possibly having an immunocomprometiment, was positive. Clinical and epidemiological aspects were investigated by questionnaires, highlighting the occurrence of the outbreak in a very dry period.

Occurrence of enteroparasites in day care centers in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis

The occurrence of the enteroparasites was verified in 279 children (0 to 6 years) of four municipal day cares of Botucatu/SP. Three samples of each child's feces were collected and processed by the methods of Hoffman-Pons-Janner, Faust and Ritchie and subsequent coloration of the fecal smear by the methods of Auramina-O and Ziehl-Neelsen modified for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium sp. and Graham method for diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Of the analyzed children we verified a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in 53.40%, and the most frequent parasite was Giardia duodenalis (26.88%). Significant association was verified among enteroparasitosis, family income, maternal education and age; the lowest enteroparasite frequency occurred in children of families with larger income and higher education. It was observed that G. duodenalis is more prevalent in children from 0 to 4 years and E. vermicularis is more frequent in children between three and four years old. The high enteroparasite prevalence in day cares suggests complex structure in its epidemiology, where factors beyond sanitation should be considered.

Pesquisa de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp em fezes: comparação entre os métodos de Kinyoun modificado e de heine

Para diagnosticar a infecção intestinal pelo Cryptosporidium sp, hoje bastante em foco pela não incomum participação no contexto da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), várias técnicas têm sido indicadas. Com o intuito de esclarecer vantagens e desvantagens, envolvendo quantificação, morfologia, durabilidade do esfregaço e tempo de preparação, comparamos os resultados obtidos mediante emprego de dois desses processos, ou seja, de Kinyoun modificado e de Heine, aplicados em amostras fecais de pacientes com AIDS. A sensibilidade foi bastante semelhante e a escolha deve depender da valorização das virtudes de cada uma das técnicas, que são: quanto â de Kinyoun modificada, a durabilidade dos esfregaços e, a propósito da de Heine, a rapidez com que se dã o preparo, aliada â superioiidade quando o parâmetro é a quantidade de oocistos encontrados, mais freqüentemente verificada.

Ocorrência de Cryptosporidium sp em amostras fecais de crianças, menores de 10 anos de idade, com indicação clínica de Rotavírus

A partir da indicação clínica de Rotavírus em fezes de 485 crianças, investigou-se a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Não houve diferenças significativas entre a positividade de Cryptosporidium sp e rotavírus com a consistência das fezes. Cryptosporidium sp deve ser incluído na investigação diagnóstica dos quadros diarréicos em crianças.

Parasitoses intestinais de indígenas da comunidade Mapuera (Oriximiná, Estado do Pará, Brasil): elevada prevalência de Blastocystis hominis e encontro de Cryptosporidium sp e Cyclospora cayetanensis

Foi avaliada a ocorrência de parasitoses intestinais em indígenas da aldeia Mapuera (Oriximiná, Estado do Pará, Brasil). No contexto de apreciações congêneres, expressa contribuição para adequado conhecimento do assunto, significativo sob o ponto de vista médico-sanitário. O exame parasitológico das fezes, de 83 pessoas, realizado por meio de quatro métodos, pode ser considerado como dotado de razoável amplitude para estabelecer diagnósticos. Ocorreu encontro de cistos de protozoários e de ovos de helmintos de múltiplos tipos, até mesmo em expressivas porcentagens, merecendo destaque a muito freqüente presença de Blastocystis hominis (57,8%), como também o encontro de Cryptosporidium sp (3,6%) e de Cyclospora cayetanensis (10,8%), comentado especificamente. O verificado demonstra que tais índios vivem em ambiente onde prevalecem más condições higiênicas, em especial, facilitador da disseminação de protozoários e helmintos pelo contato com o solo ou ingestão de água e alimentos contaminados.

Cryptosporidium sp. in children suffering from acute diarrhea at Uberlândia City, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study's objective was to search for Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic feces from children aged zero to 12 years and cared for at medical units within Universidade Federal de Uberlândia or at a private practice in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from September 1992 to August 1993. Three fecal samples preserved in 10% formalin, were collected from 94 children. Oocyst concentration was performed through Ritchie's (modified) method and staining of fecal smears for each sample (total of 1128 slides) was done by the "Safranin/Methylene Blue" and the "Kinyoun (modified)" techniques. The Hoffmann, Pons & Janer method was also employed to look for other enteroparasites. From 94 children, 4.26% excreted fecal Cryptosporidium oocysts. The infection seemed to vary according to age: 5.08% of patients aged zero to two years old; 33.33% of those aging eight to ten years (P>0.05). Cryptosporidium appeared in November, December and March, during the rainy season. 20.21% of the children harbored at least one enteroparasite different from Cryptosporidium, mainly Giardia intestinalis (12.77%). From Cryptosporidium infected patients, two had only this kind, another harbored Giardia intestinalis; the last one hosted Strongyloides stercoralis.

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis. association with Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus and Candida sp. Infections

This is a case report of intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed in histological specimen collected from autopsy. The patient was a child of 5 months admitted to the hospital with severe acute diarrhea associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalic sialadenitis, oral and dermal candidiasis. The presence of multiple opportunistic infections in this case indicated immunodeficiency state. Cryptosporidium sp is a possible etiology of acute diarrhea in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients and has to be searched for at autopsy when diagnosis was not possible "in vivo".

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae) in Brazil

The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) in the snake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae). Fifty animals were evaluated for the presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. at the time of arrival and 30 and 60 days later. Intestinal washings with saline solution (1% body weight), fecal samples, and organ scrapings were collected during the study. Oocysts were concentrated by an ether-phosphate-buffered saline sedimentation technique and then separated by a density gradient centrifugation technique. Smears were made with the sediment and submitted to modified acid-fast and auramine-rhodamine staining. Cryptosporidium-positive smears were used as controls for the experimental findings. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was 14%. Among the positive snakes, oocysts were detected only in the intestinal washing in two specimens, only in the feces in four specimens, and in both materials at least once in one specimen. The positive snakes were predominantly from Santa Maria da Serra city State of São Paulo (57.1%). We also observed that all of the examinations that presented positive results were obtained at least 27 days after the capture of the animals.

Detection of Cryptosporidium - specific coproantigen in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by using a commercially available immunoenzymatic assay

The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in 52 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (group 1) and 38 clinically healthy individuals (group 2) by using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All fecal samples collected were submitted to the Baermann, Lutz, and Ritchie methods, the Safranin/Methylene Blue, and Weber's chromotrope modified Trichrome staining techniques, and EIA. In group 1, parasitological staining techniques and EIA were both positive for Cryptosporidium sp. infection in 3/52 (5.8%) samples and both negative in 45/52 (86.5%) samples, while 4/52 (7.7%) samples were positive in EIA and negative in parasitological staining techniques. Concerning group 2, all samples were negative by EIA and microscopy for Cryptosporidium infection. In conclusion, EIA may be an alternative method for detecting Cryptosporidium-specific coproantigen in HIV/AIDS patients.

Human cryptosporidiosis: detection of specific antibodies in the serum by an indirect immunofluorescence

Cryptosporidium sp., a coccidian parasite usually found in the faeces of cattle, has been recently implicated as an agent of human intestinal disease, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In the study realized, by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, specific immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) have been demonstrated in human serum against Cryptosporidium oocysts. Purified oocysts were used as antigens in the indirect immunofluorecence assay. After analyzing this test in sera from selected groups of patients, the frequency of both specific IgG and IgM of immunocompetent children who were excreting oocysts in their faeces was 62% and in children with negative excretion of oocysts was 20% and 40%, respectively. In adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who were excreting Cryptosporidium in their stools, the frequency was 57% for IgG but only 2% for IgM. Twenty three percent of immunocompromised adults with not determined excretion of oocysts in their stools had anti-Cryptosporidium IgG in their sera. Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus had no IgM and only 14% had IgG detectable in their sera. The indirect immunoflorescence assay, when used with other parasitological techniques appears to be useful for retrospective population studies and for diagnosis of acute infection. The humoral immune response of HIV positive patients to this protozoan agent needs clarification.

Cryptosporidiosis among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the county of São Paulo, Brazil

Stool samples of 157 patients with AIDS, living in the county of São Paulo, were submitted to several techniques in the search for Cryptosporidium sp.. Among the various techniques tested for slide preparation (direct smear, spontaneous sedimentation method, and formol-ether concentration), the latter, formol-ether concentration, offered the best results, clearly outdoing all the others. Nineteen samples out of 157 prepared by this technique, after dyeing by the Kinyoun method or by carbol fuchsin dimethyl sulfoxide, were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium sp..