Piranoflavonas inéditas e atividades tripanocidas das substâncias isoladas de conchocarpus heterophyllus

The phytochemical investigation of trypanocidal extracts from leaves and stems of Conchocarpus heterophyllus (A. St.-Hil.) Kallunki & Pirani (Rutaceae) afforded new pyranoflavones along with the known compounds flavone, 7-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone, haplotusine, 1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone alkaloid, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosteryl benzoate. Their structures were established based on their spectral data. NMR data for the alkaloid haplotusine and the new pyranoflavones are described for the first time herein. These compounds were assayed on the tripomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Among them, haplotusine and 1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolone showed moderate values of IC50 136.9 and 144.9 mM, respectively.

Fenologia e produtividade da fruta-pão (Artocarpus Altilis) e da Jaca (A. heterophyllus) na Amazônia Central

A fruta-pão (Artocarpus altilis) e a jaca (A. heterophyllus) são comumente cultivadas na Amazônia. Ambas apresentaram vários picos de floração ao longo do ano. A fruta-pão floresceu na época chuvosa e na de estiagem, enquanto que a jaca floresceu principalmente na época chuvosa. A proporção de inflorescências estaminadas e pistiladas na fruta-pão alternou irregularmente ao longo do ano, enquanto as flores pistiladas na jaca foram quase sempre mais frequentes. Os frutos da fruta-pão estavam presentes durante a maioria do ano, com picos de abundância no início da época chuvosa (janeiro a março) e na época de estiagem (agosto a outubro), enquanto frutos de jaca estavam presentes com abundância na época chuvosa de 1988 (janeiro a março) e na época de estiagem de 1988 e 1989 (julho a setembro). O vingamento dos frutos da fruta-pão foi maior que o da jaca, com médias de 76% e 48% por semestre, respectivamente. Tanto a fruta-pão como a jaca apresentaram uma acentuada caída de frutos entre o vingamento e a maturação, com médias de 36% e 28% por ano, respectivamente. Embora o número de frutos produzidos por planta não foi muito diferente (médias de 53 e 45 por planta, respectivamente), a produtividade da jaca foi expressivamente maior (475 kg/planta) que a da fruta-pão (48 kg/planta), porque os frutos da jaca são maiores que os da fruta-pão (médias de 8,9 kg e 1,1 kg, respectivamente). As abelhas foram os principais insetos visitantes, sendo muito mais numerosas que as formigas, borboletas ou moscas.

Fitoquímica e quimiossistemática de Conchocarpus marginatus e C. inopinatus (Rutaceae)

Phytochemical studies of the leaves and stem have led to the identification of the known acridone alkaloids arborinine, methyl-arborinine, 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-methyl acridone, xanthoxoline, 1,2,3,5-tetramethoxy-N-methylacridone, toddaliopsin C and the new seco acridone alkaloid inopinatin. The known quinoline alkaloids 2-phenyl-1-methyl-quinolin-4(1H)-one, 2-phenyl-1-methyl-7-methoxy-quinolin-4(1H)-one, dictamnine, and the coumarins scopoletin and marmesin were also isolated. The isolated compounds and the distribution of secondary metabolites, which are systematically important, obtained from literature, clearly confirmed that some species formerly described in the genera Angostura and Galipea in fact shall belong to the genus Conchocarpus.

Líquens e outros organismos epifílicos em Conchocarpus macrophyllus J.C. Mikan no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Organismos epifílicos em C. macrophyllus foram encontrados em duas parcelas amostradas em julho de 1996, em duas áreas com diferentes graus de perturbação pelo fogo, no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, MG. Quatorze espécies epifílicas foram encontradas incluindo: 11 líquens, uma alga, uma hepática e um fungo. Os líquens totalizaram 81,8% das espécies na área menos perturbada e 72,7% na mais perturbada. A espécie mais abundante foi Porina epiphylla, que ocorreu em 80,8% dos forófitos da primeira área e em 97% dos forófitos da segunda. O número de folhas cobertas em cada forófito, o grau de cobertura em cada folha e a altura dos forófitos foram significativamente diferentes entre as duas áreas, enquanto que a área foliar e o número de folhas por forófito não o foram. Embora diferenças significativas não tenham sido encontradas na composição específica do epifilo entre as duas áreas, a maior ocorrência de folhas cobertas pelo epifilo pode estar associada à perturbação. A penetração de luz, intensificada pelas clareiras, pode ter aumentado o crescimento em altura do forófito e a colonização das folhas pelos organismos epifílicos.

Thermodynamic properties of water sorption of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a function of moisture content

The Jackfruit tree is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the important genus Artocarpus. The fruit is susceptible to mechanical and biological damage in the mature state, and some people find the aroma of the fruit objectionable, particularly in confined spaces. The dehydration process could be an alternative for the exploitation of this product, and the relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for its processing and storage. The aim of this study was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the water sorption of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a function of moisture content. Desorption isotherms of the different parts of the jackfruit (pulp, peduncle, mesocarp, peel, and seed) were determined at four different temperatures (313.15, 323.15, 333.15, and 343.15 K) in a water activity range of 0.02-0.753 using the static gravimetric method. Theoretical and empirical models were used to model the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to calculate the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs' free energy using the Guggenhein-Anderson-de Boer and Oswin models considering the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium.

Trypanocidal activity of Meliaceae and Rutaceae plant extracts

The in vitro trypanocidal activity of 22 extracts and 43 fractions of plants belonging to the families Meliaceae and Rutaceae was evaluated. The extracts from leaves of Conchocarphus heterophyllus and branches of Trichilia ramalhoi were the most active. The trypanocidal activity seems to be increased by fractionation of the extracts. Fractions from C. heterophyllus and Galipea carinata were the most active and a 100% lysis of the parasites was observed for five fractions. From one of them were isolated two flavonoids: flavone and 7-methoxyflavone, which showed weak trypanocidal activity. The results obtained from the extracts and fractions revealed that the order Rutales is a promising source for the search of new drugs for Chagas disease. Phytochemical studies with the other active fractions are underway in order to isolate compounds, which could be associated with observed activities.

Solar drying of jack fruit almonds

Dryers heated by solar energy have been constructed and used in drying whole and half jack fruit almonds. The samples were dried during the day in direct sun and in the conventional solar dryer prepared for this purpose. Another piece of equipment was built for reception and accumulation of sun energy in a body of water, which was used as a heat source for night drying. The drying with the sun energy was compared with artificial drying. The jack fruit almonds were dried whole, half, with pellicle and without it. The storage of solar energy in water was technically viable for use in night drying. The drying by combining solar dryers in the day and night periods were completed in approximately 35 hours, and were equivalent to artificial drying between 40ºC and 70ºC. Almond cut in half and the pellicle removed reduced the drying time.

An overview of invasive plants in Brazil

Alien plants are known to occur in Brazil since the 18th century when African grasses started to be recorded in pastures near Rio de Janeiro. In the beginning of the 19th century two royal decrees (July, 1809 and July, 1810) offered grants and tax exemption to everyone who would introduce plants of economic value. Nowadays, there are 117 plant species recognized as invasive or established and with invasive potential in Brazil and an unknown number of introduced plant species. Some of the most pervasive invasive species are Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Hedychium coronarium König in tropical ombrophilous forest, Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in subtropical ombrophilous forest and subtropical semi-deciduous forest, Pinus taeda L. and Pinus elliottii Engelm. in subtropical ombrophilous forest and steppe, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. in stepic-savanna, Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth in tropical and subtropical semi-deciduous forest, Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. in the Brazilian savannas, and Eragrostis plana Nees in the steppe. The purpose of this article is to fill a knowledge gap on alien species that are invasive in Brazil and where they are invading by summarizing data obtained by joint efforts of the Hórus Institute for Environmental Conservation and Development, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) invasive species thematic network (I3N), and the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA) in the last six years.