Insights from paleomicrobiology into the indigenous peoples of pre-colonial America - A Review

This review investigates ancient infectious diseases in the Americas dated to the pre-colonial period and considers what these findings can tell us about the history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It gives an overview, but focuses on four microbial pathogens from this period: Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Coccidioides immitis, which cause stomach ulceration and gastric cancer, tuberculosis, Chagas disease and valley fever, respectively. These pathogens were selected as H. pylori can give insight into ancient human migrations into the Americas, M. tuberculosis is associated with population density and urban development, T. cruzi can elucidate human living conditions and C. immitis can indicate agricultural development. A range of methods are used to diagnose infectious disease in ancient human remains, with DNA analysis by polymerase chain reaction one of the most reliable, provided strict precautions are taken against cross contamination. The review concludes with a brief summary of the changes that took place after European exploration and colonisation.

Descrições de técnicas da química na produção de bens de acordo com os relatos dos naturalistas viajantes no Brasil colonial e imperial

European naturalists explored Brazil in long scientific expeditions and published accounts that make up a rich and still largely untapped historiographic source for the understanding of the history of chemistry. The production of indigo dye, the manufacture of limestone, extraction and purification of saltpeter and the production of salt are discussed. Lime was used to whitewash walls and, mixed with whale oil, as cement to glue stones in buildings of the colonial period. It was prepared by burning seashells in specifically designed ovens. Saltpeter was produced by reacting naturally occurring calcium and magnesium nitrate with potassium-rich wood ashes to yield KNO3. NaCl was obtained by evaporating seawater under the sun. Indigo, a native plant, was cultivated and processed to produce the renowned dye, which was exported to Europe.

ORIGIN AND PREVALENCE OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) AND TYPE 2 (HTLV-2) AMONG INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS IN THE AMERICAS

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.

O mercado brasileiro do século XIX: uma visão por meio do comércio de cabotagem

The Brazilian market in the XIX century: an approach through the cabotage commerce. The maritime commerce consisted of the main way of circulation of the goods between the Brazilian provinces until the second half of century XIX. Although the relatively big importance of the flows of commerce with the exterior, we note significant exchange of goods by sea between the Brazilian regions since the colonial period. A part of these exchanges derived from products destined in last instance to the foreigner or imported of the exterior. However, another part elapsed of national goods that had not arrived at be exported to the international market. Many goods for the colonial and imperial consumption had circulated by the Brazilian coasts in expressive sums. From the information raised for the imperial period, especially the decades of 1860 and 1870, we verify that most of the goods commercialized between the provinces consisted of national products destined to the internal consumption.

Rosemary extract and celery-based products used as natural quality enhancers for colonial type salami with different ripening times

This study aimed to evaluate the use of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract (RE), celery (Apium graveolis), and low levels of NO3 and NO2 as natural agents to enhance the quality of colonial salami. Salami was produced according to three treatments: (A) Control: 0.1% curing salt; (B) Rosemary: 0.05% curing salt + 0.5% RE (rosemary extract); and (C) Rosemary+celery: 0.14% Veg 503 + 0.27% Veg 504 (sea salt plus celery) + 0.5% of RE (rosemary extract). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the treatments on water activity, Na content, and residual NO3 and NO2. Fatty acids C18:2 and C20:4 were reduced (P < 0.05) during the ripening period in the Control treatment indicating possible oxidation. The use of celery resulted in lower pH values (P < 0.05) in the salami. Reduced addition of NO3 and NO2 resulted in salami lighter in color (higher L* values, P < 0.05) at the 12th day of ripening. In conclusion, celery-based products proved to be an effective source of NO2 and NO3 for color development, but the low pH of the product indicates the need for better evaluation of its use in fermented salami. The RE (rosemary extract) reduced fat oxidation in salami, but this needs further evaluation.

O pesquisador como o outro: uma leitura pós-colonial do "Borat" Brasileiro

Neste artigo, discutimos a aplicação do método etnográfico na pesquisa científica em Administração. Especificamente, ele tem por objetivo analisar como diferenças de cunho colonial preservam hierarquias sociais que acabam se manifestando na prática desse gênero de pesquisa. Resultado de uma etnografia realizada em uma organização britânica, a análise aborda como o pesquisador brasileiro é percebido pelo pesquisado europeu. Para compreender essa relação, utilizamos a abordagem pós-colonial e sua crítica ao eurocentrismo e à sua pretensão de alcançar um conhecimento "universal". Os resultados permitem concluir que mesmo na função de pesquisador, o sujeito não europeu, ao tomar o sujeito europeu como o Outro da pesquisa, torna-se alvo de uma inversão que o desloca de volta para a posição do Outro, visto pela epistemologia tradicional como objeto de pesquisa do sujeito europeu.

Innovative technological capability in firms of the tourism sector: a study of the hotels in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1990-2008 period

This article presents the preliminary report of the research project entitled "Innovative technological capability in firms of the tourism sector: a study of the hotels in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1990-2008 period". The objective of this project is to apply and evaluate an analytical model of technological capability and underlying learning processes and examine the accumulation trajectory of innovative technological capability in the firms of tourism service industry, and the impact of learning processes undertaken by these firms on the technological capability levels achieved during the 1990-2008 period.

Perspectivas sobre a "nobreza da terra" na Amazônia colonial

O presente artigo pretende examinar algumas estratégias observadas na constituição da elite local no Grão Pará no século XVIII, centrado num estudo de caso particular envolvendo a eleição para almotacé de 1741, abordando tanto trajetórias individuais como de grupo. Destacam-se, na presente análise, questões como a formação da elite colonial paraense aliadas à consolidação da posição desse grupo seja através do acesso aos órgãos locais de poder como através das redes de parentesco e clientelares, fazendo uso de fontes diversificadas.

História e política: a historiografia colonial entre a crítica e a responsabilidade (1989-2010)

Este artigo objetiva levantar questões acerca de alguns dos debates travados pela historiografia colonial brasileira nas últimas duas décadas, relacionando-as, em linhas gerais, com mudanças políticas e sociais ocorridas no Brasil. Sugere-se que, no cerne de tais debates, encontra-se um mal-estar atinente às formas pelas quais os historiadores lidam com o problema da responsabilidade diante de uma sociedade marcadamente desigual.

A "história pátria" entre dois monumentos: o passado colonial nas notas de rodapé da História geral do Brasil e da História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil

Este artigo discute a relação discursiva constituída entre duas obras historiográficas: a História geral do Brasil, de Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen e a História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, empreendimento coletivo com vistas a difundir boa imagem do processo colonizador da América portuguesa. A hipótese é que encontramos registrado em tais obras um substrato discursivo comum referente ao passado colonial luso-brasileiro com implicações teóricas e epistemológicas desse fenômeno ocorrido ao longo de suas notas de rodapé.

ADMINISTRAÇÃO COLONIAL E GOVERNAÇÃO NA AMÉRICA PORTUGUESA: A PROPÓSITO DE UMA MEMÓRIA SOBRE AS CAPITANIAS DA PARAÍBA E DO CEARÁ (1816)

Este artigo apresenta a transcrição de uma memória sobre as capitanias da Paraíba e do Ceará, escrita em 1816, expõe os traços biográficos do autor, as linhas gerais do seu discurso e privilegia a discussão sobre a estrutura de governo das capitanias da América portuguesa. Nesse sentido, aprecia-se criticamente o texto da memória à luz da historiografia e de outras fontes documentais pertinentes ao tema da administração colonial.

OS MINISTROS DA JUSTIÇA NA AMÉRICA PORTUGUESA: OUVIDORES-GERAIS E JUÍZES DE FORA NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO COLONIAL (SÉC. XVIII)

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre o papel dos ouvidores-gerais e juízes de fora como principais responsáveis pelo governo da justiça na América portuguesa ao longo do século XVIII. Busca dimensionar os espaços de jurisdição dos ouvidores-gerais e juízes de fora, através de uma análise de suas competências, atribuições e acúmulos de funções no âmbito geral da organização administrativa das comarcas.