The coexistence of peace and conflict in South America: toward a new conceptualization of types of peace

South America's predominant democratic regimes and its increasing interdependence on regional trade have not precluded the emergence of militarized crises between Colombia and Venezuela or the revival of boundary claims between Chile and Peru. This way, how can we characterize a zone that, in spite of its flourishing democracy and dense economic ties, remain involved in territorial disputes for whose resolution the use of force has not yet been discarded? This article contends that existing classifications of zones of peace are not adequate to explain this unusual coexistence. Thus, its main purpose is to develop a new analytical category of regional peace for assessing this phenomenon: the hybrid peace. It aims to research the evolution of security systems in South America during the previous century and build a new, threefold classification of peace zones: negative peace zones, hybrid peace zones, and positive peace zones.

Five generations of peace operations: from the "thin blue line" to "painting a country blue"

This article combines both international practice and analytical contributions into a systematic and synthetic presentation of the evolution of peace operations from their modern inception in 1948 to the present. It seeks to serve a didactic purpose in proposing a basic structure for Brazilian scholars' burgeoning debate on peace operations and intervention, rather than a definitive characterization of blue helmet practice. Peace operations' progression is traced through five analytical "generations," each adding a crucial factor distinguishing it from its predecessors. Each generation is placed in relation to changes in the nature of conflict and in the interpretation of the foundational principles of peace operations, and links to broader theoretical issues in International Relations are made explicit at each stage.

UM ORIENTALISTA ALEMÃO NO BRASIL IMPERIAL. CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SEYBOLD, O TUTOR DE D. PEDRO II

Resumo Este artigo visa discutir a relação entre o segundo imperador do Brasil, Pedro d'Alcântara, e seu último mestre de línguas semíticas e orientais, o alemão Christian Friedrich Seybold (1859-1921). Uma leitura preliminar dos diários do monarca nos chamou a atenção para a enorme quantidade de menções e referências àquele orientalista alemão, o que revela, de certa forma, a importância que o professor ocupava na vida de d. Pedro II. No entanto, ao passo que Seybold está presente em numerosas páginas dos diários, nos causa certa estranheza que tal fato tenha merecido pouca ou nenhuma consideração por parte dos biógrafos do imperador, já que o contato frequente entre eles durante cinco anos se resume a algumas poucas linhas e alusões esparsas. Partindo de uma releitura crítica do material disponível na historiografia brasileira sobre Seybold, pretendemos aportar novos dados para o estudo bio-bibliográfico daquele que foi uma figura atuante na vida intelectual de d. Pedro II, presente até os últimos dias de vida do soberano.

Histiocitose x (síndrome de hand-schuller-christian): relato de caso

Os autores relatam o caso de uma criança do sexo feminino, quatro anos de idade, que apresentava cefaléia, irritabilidade, otorréia e exoftalmia unilateral. No estudo tomográfico e na radiologia convencional encontraram-se grandes áreas líticas no crânio e na sua base. O restante do esqueleto não evidenciou anormalidades. O diagnóstico de histiocitose X (síndrome de Hand-Schuller-Christian) foi confirmado pelo mielograma. Este estudo mostra achados radiológicos e citológicos, além de apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre o caso.

Highlights of the 3rd International Conference on High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology

The 3rd International Conference on High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology was held in the city of Rio de Janeiro from September 27 to September 30, 2004. The meeting, promoted by the International Association of High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology (IAHPBB), congregated top scientists and researchers from all over the world. In common, they shared the use of hydrostatic pressure for research, technical development, or industrial applications. The meeting consisted of invited lectures, contributed papers and a well-attended poster session. Very exciting discussions were held inside and outside the sessions, and the goals of discussing state-of-the-art data and establishing working collaborations and co-operations were fully attained.