Spatial distribution and preferential substrate of Neoregelia johannis (Carriére) L.B. Smith (Bromeliaceae) in a disturbed area of Atlantic Rainforest at Ilha Grande, RJ, Brazil

In bromeliad populations, amount of light and available substrates influence individuals spatial organization. In Atlantic Rainforest of Ilha Grande, the heliophylous bromeliad Neoregelia johannis is a large and abundant species. In this forest, it would be expected that N. johannis would occupy stable substrates, as large trunks, large branches, rock boulders or ground, with high sunlight, enough for the bromeliad survivor. In the present work, we analyzed the distribution and most used substrates of N. johannis in secondary forest. We analyzed the frequency of reproductive modes (sexual and vegetative) used by the bromeliad shoots, registering if the shoots were originated from seeds or by vegetative reproduction. The results indicated an aggregated distribution pattern (Ip = 0.052). The preferred substrate was boulders (91%), whereas tree trunks (6%) and the ground (3%) were rarely used. Small and fragile substrates are unstable to support large adults of this species, which may explain the predominant pattern of establishment over boulders within the secondary forest, as the presence of this substrate also results in more opened canopy cover. Approximately 50% of young individuals entered the population by vegetative reproduction. We conclude that the preferential habit and the aggregated distribution of N. johannis are due to the conjunction of preferred substrate with higher amount of light resulting from breaks in tree canopy over areas with rock blocks, and high frequency of recruitment by vegetative reproduction.

Determinacion de la configuracion E-Z de los acidos Fumarico y Maleico. Un experimento orientado a incentivar el desarrollo de la investigacion cientifica en alumnos de Pregrado

In this work we intend to eliminate the idea that laboratory exercises seem like cookbooks. That is, exercises shall be presented as a problematic situation. Based on observation and experimentation, the students should determine the E-Z configuration of maleic and fumaric acids. The basis of this laboratory exercise is the acid-catalyzed isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid. Students are given the starting material, reagents and the experimental procedure. They are told that the starting material is a dicarboxylic acid containing a C=C double bond of formula C4H4O4. Students determine melting points, solubilities, acidity and chromatographic patterns for both the starting material and the product, so that a configuration of each acid can be proposed. This type of experiment yields excellent results, because the students are left to deduce that maleic acid is less stable than fumaric acid. Additionally, they conclude that maleic acid is the "Z" isomer and fumaric acid is the "E" isomer. Finally, this laboratory exercise allows the students to develop simultaneously their critical-thinking skills with the respective laboratory techniques and not to see chemistry as recipes to be followed.

Montaigne, philosophe au quotidien: vie privée et vie publique dans les essais

De concert avec ses fonctions politiques - et cela sur vingt ans -, Montaigne rédigea ses Essais que l'on considère trop souvent comme séparés de ses responsabilités publiques aujourd'hui reléguées à l'arrière plan de sa carrière d'écrivain. Nous voudrions arguer que ses Essais sont indissociables de sa vie publique. Certes, les préoccupations littéraires et politiques de Montaigne changent avec son temps, mais ce qui fonde la forme de l'essai - à savoir un discours profondément inscrit dans le présent - ne permet pas d'établir une différence théorique entre le privé et le public puisque les deux sont pratiquement inséparables quand ils sont réduits à leur unité la plus stricte qui se rapporte essentiellement au quotidien, car dans l'immédiat du vécu, le privé et le public sont pratiquement indissociables. Si une philosophie se dégage indubitablement des Essais, elle a peut-être plus à voir avec la manipulation constante effectuée par Montaigne entre le particulier (vie privée) et l'universel (vie publique) que sur le contenu de tel précepte moral ou dogme des écoles antiques. La temporalité de l'écriture et celle des événements ne sont pas en synchronie dans les Essais et Montaigne joue constamment sur cette image d'un livre privé (hors de toute temporalité historique) alors que les Essais sont conçus comme un objet lui permettant précisément l'accès à la vie publique. Cette philosophie du quotidien et du temps présent qui ressort des Essais ne saurait mettre à l'écart les considérations publiques et historiques qui rythment toujours l'écriture d'une vie bien particulière.

Comportamento germinativo de espécies epífitas e rupícolas de Bromeliaceae do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Estudou-se o comportamento germinativo de quatro espécies de Bromeliaceae [Alcantarea imperialis (Carrière) Harms, Pitcairnia flammea Lindl., Vriesea heterostachys (Baker) L. B. Sm. e Vriesea penduliflora L. B. Sm.], oriundas do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca - MG, com preferências contrastantes de habitat e representando duas formas de vida diferentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) caracterizar as sementes quanto ao tipo de germinação e descrever a morfologia do desenvolvimento pós-seminal; b) avaliar o efeito das temperaturas constantes (10 °C a 40 °C) e alternada (20-30 °C); c) da razão vermelho:vermelho-extremo (V:VE) e d) dos diferentes potenciais de água na porcentagem e na velocidade de germinação das sementes. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as espécies produzem sementes pequenas e muito leves, variando de 0,2 a 1,7 mg; a germinação é epígea com plântulas criptocotiledonares e apresentaram valores ótimos de temperatura entre 20 °C e 30 °C. Vriesea heterostachys e V. penduliflora foram as únicas que germinaram com sucesso no escuro, mas as sementes das quatro espécies requerem luz para a máxima germinação. Os valores de V:VE que resultaram em 50% da máxima germinação variaram entre as espécies. As condições de estresse hídrico reduziram a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação de forma distinta entre as espécies. A. imperialis e P. flammea foram menos sensíveis aos baixos potenciais hídricos. Os requerimentos germinativos contrastantes entre as espécies estudadas estão relacionados à preferência de habitat de cada uma delas.