Una nueva especie de Gnamptogenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) y comentarios sobre las especies del género en Colombia y Ecuador

The species of the predatory ant genus Gnamptogenys Roger, 1863 from Colombia (42 species) and Ecuador (25 species) are diagnosed and presented, including their known geographical distribution. Gnamptogenys enodis, new species from Colombia is described. Gnamptogenys stellae Lattke, 1995 is new record for Colombia.

Confirmation of Anopheles (Anopheles) calderoni Wilkerson, 1991 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia and Ecuador through molecular and morphological correlation with topotypic material

The morphologically similar taxa Anopheles calderoni, Anopheles punctimacula, Anopheles malefactor and Anopheles guarao are commonly misidentified. Isofamilies collected in Valle de Cauca, Colombia, showed morphological characters most similar to An. calderoni, a species which has never previously been reported in Colombia. Although discontinuity of the postsubcostal pale spots on the costa (C) and first radial (R1) wing veins is purportedly diagnostic for An. calderoni, the degree of overlap of the distal postsubcostal spot on C and R1 were variable in Colombian specimens (0.003-0.024). In addition, in 98.2% of larvae, seta 1-X was located off the saddle and seta 3-C had 4-7 branches in 86.7% of specimens examined. Correlation of DNA sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) barcodes (658 bp of the COI gene) generated from Colombian progeny material and wild-caught mosquitoes from Ecuador with those from the Peruvian type series of An. calderoni confirmed new country records. DNA barcodes generated for the closely related taxa, An. malefactor and An. punctimacula are also presented for the first time. Examination of museum specimens at the University of the Valle, Colombia, revealed the presence of An. calderoni in inland localities across Colombia and at elevations up to 1113 m.

Lymnaea viatrix and Lymnaea columella in the neotropical region: a distributional outline

A review of lymnaeid samples collected by the author from 106 localities in Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panamá, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay andBrazil showed that one of them (from Ecuador) belonged to Lymnaea cousini Jousseaume, 1887, and all the others to either L. viatrix Orbigny, 1835 or l. columella Say, 1817. The ranges of L. viatrix and L. columella overlap in Middle America, and in northern and southern South America (Venezuela-Colombia-Ecuador and northeastern Argentina-Uruguay-southernmost Brazil, respectively). L. viatrix was the only species found in Peru west of the Andes and in Chile, and is supposed to have migrated eastward to Argentina via the Negro river basin. The range of L. columella in South America is discontinuous. The species has been recorded from Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador and, east of the Andes, from latitudes 15º S (central-west Brazil) to 35º S (La Plata, Argentina). Such a gap may be attributed to either introduction from the northern into the southern area, or migration along the unsampled region on the eastern side of the Andes, or extinction in the now vacant area. No lymnaeids have been found so far in Brazil north of latitude 15º S and in the Guianas.

Morphometric analysis of Triatoma dimidiata populations (Reduviidae:Triatominae) from Mexico and Northern Guatemala

Triatoma dimidiata is one of the major vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America. Its range includes Mexico, all countries of Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. In light of recent genetic analysis suggesting that the possible origin of this species is the Yucatan peninsula, we have analyzed populations from the state of Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, and Veracruz in Mexico, and a population from the southern region of the Yucatan peninsula located in Northern Guatemala, the region of El Peten. Classical morphometry including principal component, discriminant, sexual dimorphism, and wing asymmetry was analyzed. San Luis Potosi and Veracruz populations were indistinguishable while clearly separate from Yucatan and Peten populations. Despite important genetic differences, Yucatan and Peten populations were highly similar. Yucatan specimens were the smallest in size, while females were larger than males in all populations. Only head characters were necessary to distinguish population level differences, although wing fluctuating asymmetry was present in all populations. These results are discussed in light of recent findings suggesting genetic polymorphism in most populations of Triatoma dimidiata south of Chiapas to Ecuador.

Genetic structure of Triatoma venosa (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): molecular and morphometric evidence

Triatoma venosa presents a restricted geographical distribution in America and is considered as a secondary vector of Chagas disease in Colombia and Ecuador. A total of 120 adult insects were collected in domestic and peridomestic habitats in an endemic area of the department of Boyacá, Colombia, in order to determine their genetic structure through morphometric and molecular techniques. The head and wings of each specimen were used for the analyses of size, shape, and sexual dimorphism. A significant sexual dimorphism was found, although no differences in size among the studied groups were detected. Differences were found in the analyzed structures except for male heads. DNA was extracted from the legs in order to carry out the internal transcriber space-2 (ITS-2) amplification and the randon amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. Length polymorphisms were not detected in the ITS-2. Fst and Nm values were estimated (0.047 and 3.4, respectively). The high genetic flow found among the insects captured in the domicile and peridomiciliary environment does not permit a genetic differentiation, thus establishing the peridomicile as an important place for epidemiological surveillance.

Rhodnius barretti, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from western Amazonia

Rhodnius barretti , a new triatomine species, is described based on adult specimens collected in rainforest environments within the Napo ecoregion of western Amazonia (Colombia and Ecuador). R. barretti resembles Rhodnius robustus s.l. , but mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences reveal that it is a strongly divergent member of the “robustus lineage”, i.e., basal to the clade encompassing Rhodnius nasutus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius prolixus and five members of the R. robustus species complex. Morphometric analyses also reveal consistent divergence from R. robustus s.l. , including head and, as previously shown, wing shape and the length ratios of some anatomical structures. R. barretti occurs, often at high densities, in Attalea butyracea and Oenocarpus bataua palms. It is strikingly aggressive and adults may invade houses flying from peridomestic palms. R. barretti must therefore be regarded as a potential Trypanosoma cruzi vector in the Napo ecoregion, where Chagas disease is endemic.

Notas, descrições, sinonímias e revalidação em Hesperandra Arigony, 1977 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Parandrinae)

Notes, descriptions, synonymies and reinstatement in Hesperandra Arigony, 1977 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Parandrinae). The genus Hesperandra Arigony, 1977, is divided in three subgenera: Hesperandra s. str., Zikandra subgen. nov. and Tavandra subgen. nov. Keys to the subgenera and species are added. H. glaberrima (Zikán, 1948) is revalidated and redescribed. H. humboldti sp. nov., from Colombia and Ecuador is described. New synonymies established: Hesperandra galapagoensis (Van Dyke, 1953) = H. brevicollis (Lameere, 1902); H. scrobriculata (Zikán, 1948) = Acutandra murrayi (Lameere, 1912). The lectotype of Parandra brevicollis Lameere, 1902 is designated.

Novos gêneros, novas espécies e redescrição em Hemilophini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) das Américas

New genera, new species and redescription in Hemilophini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) from the Americas. New taxa described from El Salvador: Eranina sororcula sp. nov. (La Libertad). From Honduras: E. pallida sp. nov. (department not indicated). From Costa Rica: Mexicoscylus nigritarse sp. nov. (Guanacaste) and Cotyabanycha gen. nov., type species, C. ocularis sp. nov. (Limón). From Colombia and Ecuador: Sybaguasu mirim sp. nov. (Meta and Napo). From Ecuador: Piampatara antennata sp. nov. (Napo), Adesmus simile sp. nov. (Manabi), A. alboniger sp. nov. (Napo), A. swifti sp. nov. (Loja). From Bolivia: Potiapunga gen. nov., type species P. lata sp. nov. (Santa Cruz). Phoebe spegazzinii Bruch, 1908 is recorded for Ecuador (Manabi) and its chromatic variation is commented.

Onchocerciasis in Ecuador: Prevalence of Infection on the Ecuador-Colombia Border in the Province of Esmeraldas

The prevalence of onchocerciasis infection was determined in communities on 7 rivers located in the northern area of the cantón San Lorenzo, province of Esmeraldas. Diagnosis of the infection was obtained by skin biopsies and recombinant-antigen based-serology. No evidence of infection was detected in 9 communities studied along the Río Mataje, which forms the frontier between Ecuador and Colombia, nor in 10 adjacent communities located on 5 interior rivers. Evidence for Onchocerca volvulus infection was found in 4 communities on the Río Tululví with the following prevalence: La Boca (3.5% by biopsy and 3.9% by serology), Guayabal (9.1% by both biopsy and serology), La Ceiva (51.5% by biopsy and 53% by serology), and Salidero (4% by biopsy and 7.7% by serology). A few individuals in these communities were seropositive for O. volvulus in the absence of detectable dermal microfilariae: these might harbor very light or prepatent infections. No clinical disease attributable to onchocerciasis was found. The infected communities will be included in the ivermectin-based National Control Program for the disease, with no evidence of the infection having extended north of the Ecuadorian-colombian border

Caracterización morfológica de cuarenta y seis accesiones de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), en Antioquia (Colombia)

La uchuva, Physalis peruviana L., crece como planta silvestre en las zonas tropicales altas de América, estando el centro de origen y diversificación en los Andes Suramericanos, principalmente de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. Se realizó la caracterización morfológica de 46 accesiones de uchuva provenientes del Banco de Germoplasma de la nación Colombiana, a cargo de La Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuarias, CORPOICA, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva, ubicado en la vereda Llanogrande del municipio de Rionegro (Antioquia, Colombia). Los genotipos de uchuva se sembraron utilizando un diseño látice siete por siete simple desbalanceado duplicado. Las accesiones se ubicaron en parcelas constituidas por cinco plantas, de las cuales se evaluaron las tres plantas centrales de las dos replicaciones y cinco estructuras por planta. Se empleó un listado de 69 descriptores, 40 de ellos cualitativos y 29 cuantitativos, 56 de los cuales (81,16%) fueron útiles en la diferenciación de las accesiones. Para las variables cualitativas se estimaron los coeficientes de disimilaridad de Gower, que fluctuaron desde 0 a 0,20; y para las variables cuantitativas se estimaron los valores de distancia Euclediana, que fluctuaron entre 0,25 y 1,22.

Os interesses econômicos dos Estados Unidos e a segurança interna no Brasil entre 1946 e 1964: uma análise sobre os limites entre diplomacia coercitiva e operações encobertas

O presente estudo parte da premissa de que, para garantir o acesso a fontes de matérias-primas, que lhe permitiriam manter o poderio econômico e militar no futuro, os Estados Unidos tinham a necessidade de possuir o controle sobre a segurança interna brasileira. Elencando fatos e situações que evidenciavam esse interesse econômico nas ações dos organismos governamentais norte-americanos, mesmo os que aparentemente não tratavam da questão, como é o caso da CIA e do Pentágono, o estudo busca amparo, embora superficialmente, nas doutrinas de contenção e de reserva estratégica para ao final concluir que, em razão da ausência de uma ideologia de segurança nacional e de mecanismos governamentais de alerta, a segurança interna brasileira foi conduzida pelos Estados Unidos durante as duas primeiras décadas da Guerra Fria.

Os limites do poder negocial da França na UE: o caso da União para o Mediterrâneo

A partir de um estudo de caso sobre a iniciativa da França de criação de uma União do Mediterrâneo, o artigo testa a hipótese de que de que os "grandes" Estados da União Europeia, embora concentrando importantes recursos de poder negocial, comprometem significativamente os seus objetivos negociais se sobre-estenderem esses poderes.

Estudios etiológicos de la marchitez del aguacate en Antioquia-Colombia

El cultivo de aguacate en Colombia ha presentado un incremento en el área sembrada durante la última década, especialmente en clima frío moderado, entre 1.800 y 2.500 msnm. La variedad Hass se destaca por tener la mayor área sembrada en este clima, en el departamento de Antioquia-Colombia. Este cultivo presenta grandes retos tecnológicos para su expansión; entre ellos el manejo de enfermedades ocupa un lugar predominante por las implicaciones que tiene en costos, impacto en la salud, ambiente y restricciones para exportaciones. La marchitez, ocasiona la muerte de numerosos árboles en todas las etapas del cultivo y presenta la mayor incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades identificadas para este cultivo. El desconocimiento de los agentes causales de esta enfermedad, ha llevado a realizar prácticas de manejo encaminadas principalmente al control del oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, como único agente causal. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los distintos agentes causales de la marchitez del aguacate y la relación de su incidencia con las prácticas de manejo en lotes cultivados en el departamento de Antioquia-Colombia. Los resultados encontrados muestran que la marchitez es el principal problema del cultivo de aguacate. Los microorganismos P. cinnamomi, Phytophthora heveae Thompson, Phytophthora citrícola Sawada, Verticillium sp., y Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinss) Scholten fueron aislados y reprodujeron los síntomas asociados a marchitez. Las condiciones de bajo contenido de oxigeno el suelo también reprodujeron la sintomatología de marchitez, involucrando también un origen abiótico en la etiología.

Satisfacción con el empleo de extensionista rural: un estudio cualitativo en Caldas, Colombia

Como aporte al posicionamiento de la extensión rural como objeto multidimensional de estudio, se analizan las valoraciones realizadas por extensionistas rurales acerca de situaciones inherentes a su experiencia cotidiana de trabajo, seguido de la identificación de factores de satisfacción/insatisfacción laboral. En consonancia con la esencia cualitativa del estudio, la información se generó a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 23 extensionistas rurales adscritos las Unidades Municipales de Asistencia Técnica (UMATA) de cinco municipios del departamento de Caldas, Colombia. El análisis de discurso permitió identificar ocho factores: a) gusto por la profesión ejercida, b) posibilidades de proyección social, c) alcance y visualización de logros, d) reconocimiento público, e) posibilidades de ascenso, f) posibilidades de aprendizaje continuo, g) autonomía, y h) estabilidad laboral. Se concluye que desconocer el estado emocional de los extensionistas hacia el trabajo produce el riesgo de crear o conservar escenarios que limiten el compromiso con la labor social realizada y el mantenimiento de la vocación extensionista.