Avaliação da voz em pacientes submetidos à cordectomia com laser de CO2

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a voz de pacientes portadores de carcinomas iniciais glóticos submetidos à cordectomia com laser de CO2. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma espinocelular Tis e T1 glóticos. A avaliação foi feita por meio da análise perceptivo auditiva da voz, pela análise acústica computadorizada e videolaringoestroboscópica. Os pacientes responderam a um questionário de avaliação geral da voz e um protocolo de qualidade de vida relacionado à voz (QVV). Os resultados foram comparados aos de um grupo controle de indivíduos com laringes normais. RESULTADOS: A análise perceptivo-auditiva da voz revelou que a maioria dos pacientes submetidos à cordectomia apresentou algum grau de disfonia, à custa de rouquidão e soprosidade. Considerando os parâmetros acústicos analisados e os valores do grupo controle, observou-se a tendência de um pequeno incremento da freqüência fundamental, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante; os valores de jitter, shimmer e da proporção harmônico-ruído apresentaram-se significantemente alterados. Os aspectos analisados na videolaringoestroboscopia mostraram-se melhores nas cordectomias menos extensas. Os escores do QVV sugerem que os pacientes tiveram um discreto impacto na qualidade de vida relacionada à voz. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da presença de alterações na qualidade vocal dos pacientes submetidos à cordectomia com laser de CO2, os resultados funcionais tendem a ser bem aceitos pelos pacientes, com discreta repercussão na qualidade de vida.

Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca): adaptation to desiccation and susceptibility to infection with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907

Experiments were carried out to test the susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila to the infection with strain SJ of Schistosoma mansoni in the F1, F2 and non-selected parental generation. The potential adaptation of B. tenagophila to desiccation, in healthy mollusks and those exposed to the larvae of S. mansoni of the F1, F2 and non-selected parental generations was also studied. The presence of mucus and soil, at the shell opening, protected the snails against desiccation, favoring survival. The healthy mollusks performed more attempts against desiccation than those exposed to the larvae of the parasite. The mortality rate, during desiccation, was higher among mollusks that remained buried and with the shell opening unobstructed. During the desiccation period the stage of development of the parasite was influenced by the weight loss and the survival of the snails. The longer the period of desiccation, the greater was the weight loss observed, abbreviating survival. The non-selected parental generation was more sensitive to desiccation than the F1 and F2 generations, both in healthy mollusks and in those exposed to S. mansoni larvae. Healthy mollusks were more resistant to desiccation than those exposed to the larvae of the S. mansoni. Desiccation did not interrupt the development of S. mansoni larvae in mollusks, causing a delay in the cercariae elimination. The susceptibility of B. tenagophila to the SJ strain of S. mansoni, in mollusks maintained in water during the larvae incubation period, was similar in all three generations.

Efluxo de CO2 do solo em floresta de transição Amazônia Cerrado e em área de pastagem

O objetivo deste trabalho foi (a) estimar o efluxo de CO2 do solo em uma Floresta de Transição Amazônica Cerrado e em uma área de Pastagem localizadas no norte do Mato Grosso, e (b) verificar a influência da umidade e temperatura do solo, e serrapilheira acumulada no efluxo de CO2. As medições foram realizadas com aparelho de absorção de CO2 por infravermelho (EGM/WMA-2 PP System, Hitchin Hertz, UK) de maio/2005 a abril/2006. Os valores médios do efluxo de CO2 do solo na Floresta e na área de Pastagem foram de 5,45 e 4,95 µmolm-2s-1, respectivamente. Uma resposta satisfatória do efluxo de CO2 do solo e a serrapilheira acumulada, ocorreu somente na estação seca. Na estação seca o comportamento do efluxo de CO2 do solo foi semelhante na Floresta de Transição Amazônica Cerrado e na área de Pastagem, e na estação úmida os ecossistemas apresentaram comportamentos distintos, e o efluxo de CO2 do solo na área de Pastagem foi superior ao na Floresta de Transição. É essencial que se avalie a influência de outros fatores no efluxo de CO2 em ecossistemas localizados em um mesmo ecótono para a obtenção de novas respostas que contribuíam para esclarecer as dúvidas da emissão de CO2 em nível mundial.

Soil CO2 efflux in central Amazonia: environmental and methodological effects

Soil respiration plays a significant role in the carbon cycle of Amazonian rainforests. Measurements of soil respiration have only been carried out in few places in the Amazon. This study investigated the effects of the method of ring insertion in the soil as well as of rainfall and spatial distribution on CO2 emission in the central Amazon region. The ring insertion effect increased the soil emission about 13-20% for sandy and loamy soils during the firsts 4-7 hours, respectively. After rainfall events below 2 mm, the soil respiration did not change, but for rainfall greater than 3 mm, after 2 hours there was a decrease in soil temperature and respiration of about 10-34% for the loamy and sand soils, with emissions returning to normal after around 15-18 hours. The size of the measurement areas and the spatial distribution of soil respiration were better estimated using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The Campina reserve is a mosaic of bare soil, stunted heath forest-SHF and tall heath forest-THF. The estimated total average CO2 emissions from the area was 3.08±0.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The Cuieiras reserve is another mosaic of plateau, slope, Campinarana and riparian forests and the total average emission from the area was 3.82±0.76 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. We also found that the main control factor of the soil respiration was soil temperature, with 90% explained by regression analysis. Automated soil respiration datasets are a good tool to improve the technique and increase the reliability of measurements to allow a better understanding of all possible factors driven by soil respiration processes.

Geoquímica de rios de água preta do sudeste do Amazonas: origem, fluxo dos elementos e consumo de CO2

Neste trabalho foi examinada a composição química das águas dos afluentes da margem direita do rio Madeira que drenam as rochas do Escudo Brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado no município de Apuí no sudeste do estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Foram analisados pH, condutividade, as concentrações de SiO2 e de íons dissolvidos (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3- e SO4(2-)) em quatro épocas do ano segundo o índice pluviométrico: chuvosa, transição para a estiagem, estiagem e transição para a chuvosa. As águas são diluídas, mais concentradas em HCO3- e SiO2 e representam o típico ambiente de intensa lixiviação que afeta as rochas na Amazônia. Apesar da química das águas terem influência da sazonalidade, foram identificadas variações em função da litologia. As taxas de exportação de cátions e de erosão química das rochas são baixas e refletem a estabilidade tectônica da região e o manto intempérico que dificulta a interação da água com o substrato rochoso.

Effects of the desiccation on Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca) infected by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907

Specimens of Biomphalaria tenagophila exposed to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni were submitted to different desiccation periods as follows: group I: 24 h after exposure, desiccated for 28 days; group II: after cercariae elimination, desiccated for 7 days; group III: 21 days after exposure, desiccated for 7 days; group IV: 14 days after exposure, desiccated for 14 days; group V: 7 days after exposure, desiccated for 21 days. From the obtained data it was verified that desiccation was not capable of interrupting the development of larvae of S. mansoni in mollusks. A delay in the development of S. mansoni larvae in groups I, III, IV and V was observed. A pause was verified in the development of S. mansoni larvae in groups II, III, IV and V. Some larvae, in groups I, III, IV and V, did not suffer as a result of desiccation and continued their development. Larvae in the cercariae stage were shown to be more sensitive to desiccation. It was possible to obtain clearing of mollusks infected by sporocysts II and cercariae using a period of 7 days of desiccation.

Effect of CO2 and 1-octen-3-ol attractants for estimating species richness and the abundance of diurnal mosquitoes in the southeastern Atlantic forest, Brazil

Studies have shown that both carbon dioxide (CO2) and octenol (1-octen-3-ol) are effective attractants for mosquitoes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the attractiveness of 1-octen-3-ol and CO2 for diurnal mosquitoes in the southeastern Atlantic forest. A Latin square experimental design was employed with four treatments: CDC-light trap (CDC-LT), CDC-LT and 1-octen-3-ol, CDC-LT and CO2 and CDC-LT with 1-octen-3-ol and CO2. Results demonstrated that both CDC-CO2 and CDC-CO2-1-octen-3-ol captured a greater number of mosquito species and specimens compared to CDC-1-octen-3-ol; CDC-LT was used as the control. Interestingly, Anopheles (Kerteszia) sp. was generally attracted to 1-octen-3-ol, whereas Aedes serratus was the most abundant species in all Latin square collections. This species was recently shown to be competent to transmit the yellow fever virus and may therefore play a role as a disease vector in rural areas of Brazil.

The impact of CO2 on collection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say by BG-Sentinel(r) traps in Manaus, Brazil

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component for activating and attracting host-seeking mosquitoes. The BG-Sentinel(r) trap is a well-established monitoring tool for capturing Culicidae, but CO2 role for the trap effectiveness has not been evaluated in highly urbanised areas. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of BG-Sentinel traps baited with and without CO2 for capturing urban mosquitoes. Fifteen areas were selected within the city of Manaus, Brazil, where four BG-Sentinels were operated for 24 h, two of them with CO2 and two without CO2. Captured Aedes aegypti females were dissected for the determination of their parity status. A significantly higher proportion of traps (from 32-79%) were positive for female Ae. aegypti when using the BG-Sentinel with CO2 (χ2 = 11.0271, p ≤ 0.001). Catches of female Culex spp were six times higher in CO2 traps (Mann-Whitney U test = 190.5; p = 0.001). Parity rates were similar for both traps. This study showed that CO2 has primarily an enhancing effect on the efficacy of BG-Sentinel for capturing Culex spp in Manaus. For Ae. aegypti, the positivity rate of the trap was increased, when CO2 was added.

Biomassa microbiana e produção de C-CO2 e N mineral de um podzólico vermelho-escuro submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo: Microbial biomass and C-CO2 and mineral nitrogen production in paleudult soil cultivated under different management systems

Os sistemas de manejo, com diferenças no revolvimento do solo e na composição dos resíduos vegetais, alteram as propriedades biológicas do solo, com reflexos na qualidade do solo e na produtividade das culturas. Com vistas em medir estas alterações nas propriedades biológicas do solo, a biomassa e a atividade microbiana foram avaliadas em um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, em Eldorado do Sul (RS), utilizando diferentes preparos (convencional, reduzido e plantio direto) e dois sistemas de sucessões de culturas (aveia preta + vica/milho + caupi e aveia/milho). As avaliações foram realizadas em quatro épocas, durante 12 meses, e em duas profundidades (0-5 e 5-15 cm). O carbono da biomassa microbiana foi analisado pelo método de fumigação-incubação, e a atividade microbiana, pela produção de C-CO2 e N mineral, após 60 dias de incubação. As diferenças na biomassa e na atividade microbiana, entre os sistemas de manejo, foram mais pronunciadas na camada de 0-5 cm. Nesta camada de solo, observaram-se os maiores valores de biomassa e de atividade nos preparos conservacionistas e no sistema aveia + vica/milho + caupi. Dentre as variáveis estudadas, a mineralização de N mostrou-se a mais sensível aos manejos, à profundidade e à época de amostragem.

Efeito de sistemas de preparo e de cultura na dinâmica da matéria orgânica e na mitigação das emissões de CO2

Neste estudo, ajustou-se um modelo exponencial de primeira ordem aos dados de carbono orgânico (CO) e N total (NT) do solo, do 5º e 9º ano de um experimento instalado em um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, em Eldorado do Sul (RS). Determinaram-se os parâmetros da dinâmica da matéria orgânica e simularam-se os estoques de CO e NT do solo em três sistemas de preparo (convencional-PC, reduzido-PR e plantio direto-PD) e três sistemas de cultura (aveia/milho-A/M, aveia + ervilhaca/milho-A + E/M e aveia + ervilhaca/milho + caupi A + E/M + C). A taxa de decomposição da matéria orgânica do solo diminuiu de 0,054 ano-1, no sistema com lavração e gradagem (PC), para 0,039 ano-1, no solo escarificado (PR), e 0,029 ano-1, no solo não revolvido (PD). Estimou-se que os estoques de CO e NT do solo em 1990 (30,78 Mg ha-1 e 2.200 kg ha-1) diminuirão para 16,11 Mg ha-1 e 1.396 kg ha-1 na combinação PC - A/M. Por sua vez, no sistema PD - A + E/M + C, os estoques de CO e NT do solo em 1990 (32,52 Mg ha-1 e 2.690 Mg ha-1) tenderão a aumentar a estoques estáveis de 54,83 Mg ha-1 e 7.966 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Os sistemas de manejo sem revolvimento do solo e alto aporte de resíduos apresentaram efeito positivo na mitigação das emissões de CO2. Enquanto o sistema PC-A/M apresentou um efluxo líquido (emitido pelo solo > fixado pelas culturas por fotossíntese) de 2,08 Mg CO2 ha-1 para atmosfera no ano de 1994, o sistema PD - A + E/M + C mostrou um influxo líquido (emitido pelo solo < fixado pelas culturas) de CO2 de 1,79 Mg ha-1 ano-1. Atingidos os estoques estáveis de CO no solo estimados pelo modelo, o solo no sistema PD - A + E/M + C terá seqüestrado aproximadamente 142 Mg CO2 ha-1, em comparação ao sistema PC-A/M.

Rotação de culturas no sistema plantio direto em Tibagi (PR): II - Emissões de CO2 e N2O

A atividade agrícola pode alterar a quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), resultando em emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) e óxido nitroso (N2O) do solo para a atmosfera. O sistema plantio direto (SPD) com a utilização de leguminosas em sistemas de rotação é uma estratégia que deve ser considerada tanto para o aumento da quantidade de MOS como para seu efeito na redução das emissões dos gases de efeito estufa. Com o objetivo de determinar os fluxos de gases do efeito estufa (CO2 e N2O) do solo, um experimento foi instalado em Tibagi (PR), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico textura argilosa. Os tratamentos, dispostos em faixas não casualizadas com parcelas subdivididas, foram: sistema plantio direto por 12 anos com sucessões milho/trigo e soja/trigo (PD12 M/T e PD12 S/T, respectivamente) e por 22 anos (PD22 M/T e PD22 S/T, respectivamente). As emissões de CO2 do solo foram aproximadamente 20 % mais elevadas no PD22 em relação ao PD12. As emissões de CO2 apresentaram correlação significativa (R² = 0,85; p < 0,05) com a temperatura do solo, com emissões médias 40 % menores, registradas nos meses com temperaturas mais baixas. As emissões mais elevadas de N2O foram observadas após a colheita das culturas de verão, sobretudo na sucessão milho/trigo, em relação à sucessão soja/trigo. As emissões de N2O foram aproximadamente 25 % maiores após aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado na cultura do trigo nas duas sucessões e apresentaram correlação significativa (R² = 0,88; p < 0,01) com o grau de saturação de água no solo (Sr %).

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in an Ultisol treated with sewage sludge and cultivated with castor bean

Organic residue application into soil alter the emission of gases to atmosphere and CO2, CH4, N2O may contribute to increase the greenhouse effect. This experiment was carried out in a restoration area on a dystrophic Ultisol (PVAd) to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil under castor bean cultivation, treated with sewage sludge (SS) or mineral fertilizer. The following treatments were tested: control without N; FertMin = mineral fertilizer; SS5 = 5 t ha-1 SS (37.5 kg ha-1 N); SS10 = 10 t ha-1 SS (75 kg ha-1 N); and SS20 = 20 t ha-1 SS (150 kg ha-1 N). The amount of sludge was based on the recommended rate of N for castor bean (75 kg ha-1), the N level of SS and the mineralization fraction of N from SS. Soil gas emission was measured for 21 days. Sewage sludge and mineral fertilizers altered the CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes. Soil moisture had no effect on GHG emissions and the gas fluxes was statistically equivalent after the application of FertMin and of 5 t ha-1 SS. The application of the entire crop N requirement in the form of SS practically doubled the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and the C equivalent emissions in comparison with FertMin treatments.

Long-term C-CO2 emissions and carbon crop residue mineralization in an oxisol under different tillage and crop rotation systems

Soil C-CO2 emissions are sensitive indicators of management system impacts on soil organic matter (SOM). The main soil C-CO2 sources at the soil-plant interface are the decomposition of crop residues, SOM turnover, and respiration of roots and soil biota. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of tillage and cropping systems on long-term soil C-CO2 emissions and their relationship with carbon (C) mineralization of crop residues. A long-term experiment was conducted in a Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, with subtropical climate Cfa (Köppen classification), mean annual precipitation of 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature of 19.2 ºC. Treatments consisted of two tillage systems: (a) conventional tillage (CT) and (b) no tillage (NT) in combination with three cropping systems: (a) R0- monoculture system (soybean/wheat), (b) R1- winter crop rotation (soybean/wheat/soybean/black oat), and (c) R2- intensive crop rotation (soybean/ black oat/soybean/black oat + common vetch/maize/oilseed radish/wheat). The soil C-CO2 efflux was measured every 14 days for two years (48 measurements), by trapping the CO2 in an alkaline solution. The soil gravimetric moisture in the 0-0.05 m layer was determined concomitantly with the C-CO2 efflux measurements. The crop residue C mineralization was evaluated with the mesh-bag method, with sampling 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 days after the beginning of the evaluation period for C measurements. Four C conservation indexes were used to assess the relation between C-CO2 efflux and soil C stock and its compartments. The crop residue C mineralization fit an exponential model in time. For black oat, wheat and maize residues, C mineralization was higher in CT than NT, while for soybean it was similar. Soil moisture was higher in NT than CT, mainly in the second year of evaluation. There was no difference in tillage systems for annual average C-CO2 emissions, but in some individual evaluations, differences between tillage systems were noticed for C-CO2 evolution. Soil C-CO2 effluxes followed a bi-modal pattern, with peaks in October/November and February/March. The highest emission was recorded in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The C-CO2 effluxes were weakly correlated to air temperature and not correlated to soil moisture. Based on the soil C conservation indexes investigated, NT associated to intensive crop rotation was more C conserving than CT with monoculture.

Soil CO2 flux: a method comparison of closed static chambers in a sugarcane field

A large variety of techniques have been used to measure soil CO2 released from the soil surface, and much of the variability observed between locations must be attributed to the different methods used by the investigators. Therefore, a minimum protocol of measurement procedures should be established. The objectives of this study were (a) to compare different absorption areas, concentrations and volumes of the alkali trapping solution used in closed static chambers (CSC), and (b) to compare both, the optimized alkali trapping solution and the soda-lime trapping using CSC to measure soil respiration in sugarcane areas. Three CO2 absorption areas were evaluated (7; 15 and 20 % of the soil emission area or chamber); two volumes of NaOH (40 and 80 mL) at three concentrations (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mol L-1). Three different types of alkaline traps were tested: (a), 80 mL of 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH in glass containers, absorption area 15 % (V0.5); (b) 40 mL of 2 mol L-1 NaOH retained in a sponge, absorption area 80 % (S2) and (c) 40 g soda lime, absorption area 15 % (SL). NaOH concentrations of 0.5 mol L-1 or lower underestimated the soil CO2-C flux or CO2 flux. The lower limit of the alkali trap absorption area should be a minimum of 20 % of the area covered by the chamber. The 2 mol L-1 NaOH solution trap (S2) was the most efficient (highest accuracy and highest CO2 fluxes) in measuring soil respiration.