Pobreza e municipalização da educação: análise dos resultados do IDEB (2005-2009)

O artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa empírica que buscou verificar o impacto da pobreza sobre o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica em escolas de ensino fundamental em mais de 5.500 municípios brasileiros, comparando o desempenho de escolas estaduais e municipais. Foram analisados os dados de 2005, 2007 e 2009 por meio de regressões lineares simples, resíduos de regressões e de correlações parciais. Os resultados mostram que a pobreza tem um forte impacto no desempenho escolar, chegando a explicar até 60% da variação. Os autores discutem os resultados obtidos vis-à-vis às atuais tendências de políticas educacionais, como as políticas fundamentadas em fatores de input e na responsabilização de professores, apontando suas limitações.

Vantagem competitiva, criação de valor e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

A vantagem competitiva é a principal hipótese para explicar a heterogeneidade do desempenho entre as empresas. No entanto, vantagem competitiva é frequentemente tratada empiricamente como rentabilidade superior simplesmente, desprezando as demais implicações para o desempenho das empresas. Sob esse prisma, este trabalho desenvolve uma métrica para vantagem competitiva e pela avaliação de seus efeitos sobre o desempenho financeiro, combinando as curvas de lucratividade e de crescimento em participação de mercado. Por meio de um modelo multinível, são isolados os resultados individuais de cada empresa e posteriormente testados em relação à média dos seus setores. O modelo é aplicado a amostras de empresas americanas (Compustat), em quatro intervalos de tempo, ao longo do período de 1990 a 2009. Os resultados permitem identificar diferentes configurações de competitividade, com 16% de empresas em posição de vantagem e outros 16,5% em desvantagem (2005-2009), sendo que o teste para os demais intervalos demonstrou estabilidade dos resultados.

Distribution of Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Pulmonata), intermediate snail hosts of Fasciola hepatica in Venezuela

An extensive malacological survey was carried out between 2005-2009 in order to clarify the exact number of lymnaeid species which may be intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica in Venezuela. Four species were discovered during this survey, including two local species: Lymnaea cubensis and Lymnaea cousini and two exotic species: Lymnaea truncatula and Lymnaea columella. The most common local species was L. cubensis which was found at 16 out of the 298 sampling sites. This species has a large distribution area throughout the Northern part of Venezuela and was encountered from sea level to an altitude of 1,802 m in state of Trujillo. The second local species L. cousini was collected at only two sites of the Andean Region at altitudes of 3,550 m and 4,040 m, respectively. The European L. truncatula was found at 24 sites all located in the states of Mérida and Táchira at an altitude varying between 1,540-4,000 m. The respective distribution areas of L. cubensis and L. truncatula do not appear to overlap, but more detailed malacological surveys are needed. The fourth lymnaeid species, L. columella was collected in a canal from Mérida at an altitude of 1,929 m and in an irrigation canal from the state of Guárico, at an altitude of 63 m. The role of these four lymnaeid species in the transmission of fascioliasis in Venezuela is discussed.

Frequency of primary glomerular disease in northeastern China

Most frequently reported Chinese renal biopsy data have originated from southeastern China. The present study analyzed the renal biopsy data from northeastern China. The records of 1550 consecutive native patients who were diagnosed with primary glomerular diseases (PGD) after renal biopsy at our hospital during 2005-2009 were used. These patients were divided into four age groups for stratified analysis: <15, 15-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years old. Among PGD, minimal change disease (MCD) was the most common histologically diagnosed disease (30.7%), followed by IgA nephropathy (IgAN), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN), membranous nephropathy (MN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (EnPGN). MCD was the disease most frequently observed (43.7%) in the <15-year-old group. MsPGN was the most common disease in the elderly group (38.1%). MsPGN was more prevalent in females (27.8%), whereas MCD was more prevalent in males (35.3%). Primary glomerular diseases constituted the most commonly encountered group of diseases with a high prevalence of MCD, which predominantly affected males and young adults. The prevalence of MCD was high in northeastern China. Further study is necessary to expand the epidemiologic data available for renal disease in China.

Germany's socio-economic model and the Euro crisis

Germany's socio-economic model, the "social market economy", was established in West Germany after World War II and extended to the unified Germany in 1990. During a prolonged recession after the adoption of the Euro in 1998, major reforms (Agenda 2010) were introduced which many consider as the key of Germany's recent success. The reforms had mixed results: employment increased but has consisted to a large extent of precarious low-wage jobs. Growth depended on export surpluses based on an internal real devaluation (low unit labour costs) which make Germany vulnerable to global recessions as in 2009. Overall inequality increased substantially.

Spatial distribution of leprosy in areas of risk in Vitoria, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2005 to 2009

Introduction Leprosy remains a relevant public health issue in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of new cases of leprosy and to detect areas with higher risks of disease in the City of Vitória. Methods The study was ecologically based on the spatial distribution of leprosy in the City of Vitória, State of Espírito Santo between 2005 and 2009. The data sources used came from the available records of the State Health Secretary of Espírito Santo. A global and local empirical Bayesian method was used in the spatial analysis to produce a leprosy risk estimation, and the fluctuation effect was smoothed from the detection coefficients. Results The study used thematic maps to illustrate that leprosy is distributed heterogeneously between the neighborhoods and that it is possible to identify areas with high risk of disease. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.926 (p = 0.001) for the Local Method indicated highly correlated coefficients. The Moran index was calculated to evaluate correlations between the incidences of adjoining districts. Conclusions We identified the spatial contexts in which there were the highest incidence rates of leprosy in Vitória during the studied period. The results contribute to the knowledge of the spatial distribution of leprosy in the City of Vitória, which can help establish more cost-effective control strategies because they indicate specific regions and priority planning activities that can interfere with the transmission chain.

Scientific research in tourism: review of the literature from 2005 to 2009

This article presents the results of a review of the literature on tourism from 2005 to 2009. Precisely, 1,648 articles were reviewed and classified into eight macro-lines of research. The content of the Strategy macro-line was analyzed in greater depth, as it was considered to be an "umbrella" for the other dimensions pertinent to tourism. The literature thus provided significant elements confirming the appropriateness of the strategic network perspective for research on sustainable tourism management, and it also helped identify the actors that are most critical for leading the development of a tourist destination.

Resultado de partos domiciliares atendidos por enfermeiras de 2005 a 2009 em Florianópolis, SC

Estudo transversal sobre resultados obstétricos e neonatais dos partos domiciliares planejados assistidos por enfermeiras obstétricas em Florianópolis, SC. Dados coletados nos prontuários de 100 parturientes assistidas de 2005 a 2009 apontam 11 transferências hospitalares, sendo nove submetidas a cesariana. A maioria das que pariram no domicílio apresentou batimentos cardíacos fetais (94,0%) e evolução no partograma normais (61,0%), adotou posição vertical na água, no período expulsivo (71,9%), e os recém-nascidos receberam Apgar do 5° minuto > 7 (98,9%). A frequência de episiotomia foi 1,0%, 49,4% não necessitaram sutura perineal. Os resultados indicam que o parto domiciliar é seguro.

Global warming in Amazonia: impacts and Mitigation

Global warming has potentially catastrophic impacts in Amazonia, while at the same time maintenance of the Amazon forest offers one of the most valuable and cost-effective options for mitigating climate change. We know that the El Niño phenomenon, caused by temperature oscillations of surface water in the Pacific, has serious impacts in Amazonia, causing droughts and forest fires (as in 1997-1998). Temperature oscillations in the Atlantic also provoke severe droughts (as in 2005). We also know that Amazonian trees die both from fires and from water stress under hot, dry conditions. In addition, water recycled through the forest provides rainfall that maintains climatic conditions appropriate for tropical forest, especially in the dry season. What we need to know quickly, through intensified research, includes progress in representing El Niño and the Atlantic oscillations in climatic models, representation of biotic feedbacks in models used for decision-making about global warming, and narrowing the range of estimating climate sensitivity to reduce uncertainty about the probability of very severe impacts. Items that need to be negotiated include the definition of "dangerous" climate change, with the corresponding maximum levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigation of global warming must include maintaining the Amazon forest, which has benefits for combating global warming from two separate roles: cutting the flow the emissions of carbon each year from the rapid pace of deforestation, and avoiding emission of the stock of carbon in the remaining forest that can be released by various ways, including climate change itself. Barriers to rewarding forest maintenance include the need for financial rewards for both of these roles. Other needs are for continued reduction of uncertainty regarding emissions and deforestation processes, as well as agreement on the basis of carbon accounting. As one of the countries most subject to impacts of climate change, Brazil must assume the leadership in fighting global warming.

Implante de stents farmacológicos na artéria descendente anterior: indicadores de eventos tardios

FUNDAMENTO: A eficácia dos stents farmacológicos em reduzir os índices de eventos cardíacos não é uniforme a todos os subgrupos de lesões ou pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução clínica tardia dos pacientes submetidos a implante de stents farmacológicos nas lesões ateroscleróticas da artéria descendente anterior e identificar, entre as características clínicas, angiográficas e do ultra-som intravascular, quais as que permitem predizer risco de eventos cardíacos. MÉTODOS: De maio de 2002 a agosto de 2005, foram tratados 205 pacientes com implante de 236 stents farmacológicos guiados pelo ultra-som intravascular. RESULTADOS: Com um acompanhamento médio de 711 dias, a taxa de trombose do stent foi de 0,48%, a mesma observada para infarto agudo do miocárdio ou cirurgia de revascularização. A taxa de revascularização da lesão tratada foi de 7,31% e a taxa global de eventos de 10,24%. Os indicadores de eventos, conforme análise multivariada, foram o implante de mais de um stent na mesma artéria, lesões concêntricas e área mínima intra-stent medida pelo ultra-som intravascular menor que 3,88 mm². CONCLUSÃO: Baseados nos dados obtidos, concluímos que a revascularização da artéria descendente anterior com implante de stents farmacológicos escolhidos e otimizados pelo ultra-som intravascular apresenta baixo índice de eventos tardios. O implante de dois stents farmacológicos para o tratamento das lesões longas foi o principal fator independente para a ocorrência de eventos tardios. A área luminal final maior que 3,88 mm² obtidos nos segmentos de pequenos diâmetros de referência é um indicador independente de evolução livre de eventos.

Biological, biochemical and molecular features of Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from patients infected through oral transmission during a 2005 outbreak in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil: its correspondence with the new T. cruzi Taxonomy Consensus (2009)

We examined strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from patients with acute Chagas disease that had been acquired by oral transmission in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (2005) and two isolates that had been obtained from a marsupial (Didelphis aurita) and a vector (Triatoma tibiamaculata). These strains were characterised through their biological behaviour and isoenzymic profiles and genotyped according to the new Taxonomy Consensus (2009) based on the discrete typing unities, that is, T. cruzi genotypes I-VI. All strains exhibited the biological behaviour of biodeme type II. In six isolates, late peaks of parasitaemia, beyond the 20th day, suggested a double infection with biodemes II + III. Isoenzymes revealed Z2 or mixed Z1 and Z2 profiles. Genotyping was performed using three polymorphic genes (cytochrome oxidase II, spliced leader intergenic region and 24Sα rRNA) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the kDNA minicircles. Based on these markers, all but four isolates were characterised as T. cruzi II genotypes. Four mixed populations were identified: SC90, SC93 and SC97 (T. cruzi I + T. cruzi II) and SC95 (T. cruzi I + T. cruzi VI). Comparison of the results obtained by different methods was essential for the correct identification of the mixed populations and major lineages involved indicating that characterisation by different methods can provide new insights into the relationship between phenotypic and genotypic aspects of parasite behaviour.

Avaliação in vitro de clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouro avícola em 2005 e 2009

Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de três princípios ativos rotineiramente utilizados na higienização de abatedouros avícolas frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de um mesmo frigorífico. Foram testadas 20 amostras de S. Heidelberg (14 isoladas em 2005 e seis em 2009) frente a clorexidina (0,5%), amônia quaternária (0,5%) e ácido peracético (1%) nos tempos de contato de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Todas as amostras foram sensíveis ao ácido peracético 1% em todos os tempos testados. Observou-se que 100% das amostras isoladas em 2005 foram sensíveis a amônia quaternária enquanto que as isoladas em 2009 apresentaram 33% de resistência com 5 minutos de contato e 16,6% com 10 minutos de contato. Com relação à clorexidina, 25% dos isolados em 2005 mostraram-se resistentes após 5 minutos de contato enquanto que 33% das amostras isoladas em 2009 foram resistentes neste tempo e 17% no tempo de 10 minutos de contato. Pode-se concluir que o ácido peracético teve ação in vitro sobre as amostras isoladas em 2005 e 2009, enquanto que a clorexidina e a amônia quaternária tiveram sua ação reduzida frente às amostras de 2009, indicando a progressão da resistência bacteriana frente a estes sanitizantes e a necessidade de testes periódicos e rotação de princípios ativos nos programas de higienização dos frigoríficos.