Gestation and breastfeeding in schistosomotic mothers differently modulate the immune response of adult offspring to postnatal Schistosoma mansoni infection

Schistosoma mansoni antigens in the early life alter homologous and heterologous immunity during postnatal infections. We evaluate the immunity to parasite antigens and ovalbumin (OA) in adult mice born/suckled by schistosomotic mothers. Newborns were divided into: born (BIM), suckled (SIM) or born/suckled (BSIM) in schistosomotic mothers, and animals from noninfected mothers (control). When adults, the mice were infected and compared the hepatic granuloma size and cellularity. Some animals were OA + adjuvant immunised. We evaluated hypersensitivity reactions (HR), antibodies levels (IgG1/IgG2a) anti-soluble egg antigen and anti-soluble worm antigen preparation, and anti-OA, cytokine production, and CD4+FoxP3+T-cells by splenocytes. Compared to control group, BIM mice showed a greater quantity of granulomas and collagen deposition, whereas SIM and BSIM presented smaller granulomas. BSIM group exhibited the lowest levels of anti-parasite antibodies. For anti-OA immunity, immediate HR was suppressed in all groups, with greater intensity in SIM mice accompanied of the remarkable level of basal CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. BIM and SIM groups produced less interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-g. In BSIM, there was higher production of IL-10 and IFN-g, but lower levels of IL-4 and CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. Thus, pregnancy in schistosomotic mothers intensified hepatic fibrosis, whereas breastfeeding diminished granulomas in descendants. Separately, pregnancy and breastfeeding could suppress heterologous immunity; however, when combined, the responses could be partially restored in infected descendants.

Diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama e colo uterino em mulheres do município de Guarapuava, PR, Brasil

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar a freqüência com que é realizado o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama e de colo uterino no município de Guarapuava, Paraná. Realizou-se estudo transversal de base populacional, incluindo 885 mulheres com idade mínima de 18 anos, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2006. Considerou-se nível de confiança de 95% e margem de erro de 3% para cálculo amostral. Utilizou-se o software Statistica versão 7.1 para a análise dos dados, considerando nível de significância de 5%. O auto-exame das mamas foi realizado por 63% das entrevistadas e o exame clínico em 49%. A mamografia foi realizada por menos de um quarto da amostra. A prevenção do câncer de colo uterino foi praticada pela maioria das mulheres (80%). Conclui-se que as mulheres da amostra estudada realizam exames preventivos de câncer de mama com menos freqüência, se comparado ao exame preventivo de colo de útero.