Terrorism as war by other means: national security and state support for terrorism

The conventional approach in the discipline of International Relations is to treat terrorist organizations as "non-state" actors of international relations. However, this approach is problematic due to the fact that most terrorist organizations are backed or exploited by some states. In this article, I take issue with the non-stateness of terrorist organizations and seek to answer the question of why so many states, at times, support terrorist organizations. I argue that in the face of rising threats to national security in an age of devastating wars, modern nation states tend to provide support to foreign terrorist organizations that work against their present and imminent enemies. I elaborate on my argument studying three cases of state support for terrorism: Iranian support for Hamas, Syrian support for the PKK, and American support for the MEK. The analyses suggest that, for many states, terror is nothing but war by other means.

India, Latin America, and the Caribbean during the Cold War

In this period, the key to the relationship between India and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was based in the political nature of this liaison: it was a "uni-multilateral" relationship, centered in India, where LAC countries operated as a group of autonomous entities (an "island chain" structure), and not as a unit of a supranational character with unified international conduct (an island structure). As we will see, faced with uniform and consistent Indian policies, LAC had national policies which make it impossible to discuss a regional policy towards India. The goal of this work is to form a general characterization of the bilateral policies during the period of the Cold War with the intent of identifying the key explanatory factors of the process. While this may be a limited objective, it addresses the non-existence of an academic debate surrounding the topic. We intend to contribute an analysis which in this phase is primarily descriptive.

Do um à metafora: para um entendimento da matemática pa'ikwené (Palikur)

Este artigo discute um aspecto do conhecimento pa'ikwené chamado púkúha, que significa tanto "entender" quanto "contar". Ele explora a numerologia indígena e a relação próxima, não menos imaginativa do que empírica, entre a matemática e a lingüística, que nem sempre aparece em sociedades não orais como a nossa. O sistema matemático pa'ikwené é conceitualmente inventivo e lexicalmente profuso: alguns numerais têm mais de duzentas diferentes formas no uso corrente, graças a um intensivo processo de transformações de morfemas baseado no acréscimo de afixos. Portanto, uma palavra-número pode pertencer a vinte e uma classes numéricas que se relacionam a cinco diferentes categorias semânticas, que incorporam diversos estados e atributos discretos (macho/fêmea, concreto/abstrato, animado/inanimado, natural/sobrenatural), assim como idéias aritméticas e geométricas específicas. Assumindo uma abordagem antiplatônica, o artigo descreve a matemática pa'ikwené como um modo de conhecimento inato, corporificado e metafórico (Lakoff & Nuñez, 2000), que classifica e expressa o mundo em que se vive. Propõe também que os números pa'ikwené operam simultaneamente nos níveis literal e figurativo, ou seja, ambos como símbolos com significados fixos e determinados, e como imagens polissêmicas de diferentes classes de coisas que compõem o universo nativo.

Estudo sobre a condição nutritiva de uma população infantil da cidade de Londrina, PA (Brasil)

Com a finalidade de se implantar um programa de assistência e educação alimentares na cidade de Londrina, Paraná (Brasil), estudaram-se a incidência e o grau de desnutrição em uma população infantil pertencente a camadas sociais de baixo poder aquisitivo. Foram observadas 2.710 crianças entre zero e doze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. A maior porcentagem de desnutridos foi encontrada nos escolares, enquanto que a maior gravidade do processo, sob o ponto de vista da intensidade, foi verificada nas crianças moradoras em favelas. Comprovou-se a existência de relação direta entre a desnutrição e má escolaridade.

Skin lesions in envenoming by cnidarians (Portuguese man-of-war and jellyfish): etiology and severity of accidents on the Brazilian coast

This work attempts to establish dermatological identification patterns for Brazilian cnidarian species and a probable correlation with envenoming severity. In an observational prospective study, one hundred and twenty-eight patients from the North Coast region of São Paulo State, Brazil were seen between 2002 and 2008. About 80% of these showed only local effects (erythema, edema, and pain) with small, less than 20 cm, oval or round skin marks and impressions from small tentacles. Approximately 20% of the victims had long, more than 20 cm, linear and crossed marks with frequent systemic phenomena, such as malaise, vomiting, dyspnea, and tachycardia. The former is compatible with the common hydromedusa from Southeast and Southern Brazil (Olindias sambaquiensis). The long linear marks with intense pain and systemic phenomena are compatible with envenoming by the box jellyfish Tamoya haplonema and Chiropsalmus quadrumanus and the hydrozoan Portuguese man-of-war (Physalis physalis). There was an association between skin marks and probable accident etiology. This simple observation rule can be indicative of severity, as the Cubozoa Class (box jellyfish) and Portuguese man-of-war cause the most severe accidents. In such cases, medical attention, including intensive care, is important, as the systemic manifestations can be associated with death.

Detection of HTLV-IIa in blood donors in an urban area of the Amazon Region of Brazil (Belém, PA)

The human lymphotropic viruses type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) are members of a group of mammalian retroviruses with similar biological properties, and blood transfusion is an important route of transmission. HTLV-I is endemic in a number of different geographical areas and is associated with several clinical disorders. HTLV-II is endemic in several Indian groups of the Americas and intravenous drug abusers in North and South America, Europe and Southeast Asia. During the year of 1995, all blood donors tested positive to HTLV-I/II in the State Blood Bank (HEMOPA), were directed to a physician and to the Virus Laboratory at the Universidade Federal do Pará for counselling and laboratory diagnosis confirmation. Thirty-five sera were tested by an enzyme immune assay, and a Western blot that discriminates HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Two HTLV-II positive samples were submitted to PCR analysis of pX and env genomic region, and confirmed to be of subtype IIa. This is the first detection in Belém of the presence of HTLV-IIa infection among blood donors. This result emphasizes that HTLV-II is also present in urban areas of the Amazon region of Brazil and highlights the need to include screening tests that are capable to detect antibodies for both types of HTLV.