TOXOCARIASIS: SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS BY INDIRECT ANTIBODY COMPETITION ELISA

Toxocariasis is caused by infection of man by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati larvae, the common roundworm of dogs and cats. Because larvae are difficult to detect in tissues, diagnosis is mostly based on serology. Non specific reactions are observed mainly due to cross-reactivity with Ascaris sp antigens. This investigation aimed at developing and evaluating an indirect antibody competition ELISA (IACE) employing a specific rabbit IgG anti-Toxocara canis excretory-secretory antigens as the competition antibody, in order to improve indirect ELISA specificity performed for toxocariasis diagnosis. For that, the rabbit IgG was previously absorbed by Ascaris suum adult antigens. Sensitivity and specificity of IACE were first evaluated in 28 serum samples of mice experimentally infected with T. canis embryonated eggs. Adopting cut-off value established in this population before infection, sensitivity and specificity were 100% after 20 days post-inoculation. For human population IACE was evaluated using sera from 440 patients with clinical signs of toxocariasis and the cut-off value was established with 60 serum samples from apparently healthy individuals. Using as reference test the indirect ELISA performed by Adolfo Lutz Institute, sensitivity was 60.2%, specificity was 98% and concordance was 77.3%. Repeatability of IACE was evaluated by the inter-reactions variation coefficient (2.4%).

Estudo epidemiológico da leptospirose bovina e humana na Amazônia oriental brasileira

Realizou-se o estudo da soroprevalência da leptospirose em bovinos e humanos especificamente em propriedades familiares na região de fronteira agrícola da rodovia Transamazônica, na Amazônia Oriental. A prevalência da leptospirose bovina foi 97% [90,9 - 99,5%] de propriedades com pelo menos um animal positivo na soroaglutinação microscópica para o diagnóstico da leptospirose. Em 61,2% dos rebanhos o sorotipo hardjo foi apontado como o mais provável, em 9% deles o sorotipo bratislava e em 4,5% o shermani. A prevalência sorológica da leptospirose humana foi 32,8% [23,4 - 43,5%] de núcleos familiares com pelo menos um indivíduo positivo na soroaglutinação microscópica para o diagnóstico da leptospirose. Em 9% dos núcleos familiares o sorotipo bratislava foi apontado como o mais provável, em 6% deles o sorotipo hardjo e em 4,5% o grippotyphosa. Foi discutido o impacto desses achados sobre a produção animal e saúde pública na região e feitas sugestões para minorar o problema.

Gauging differential health among the sexes at Windover (8Br246) using the Western Hemisphere Health Index

Assessment of intrapopulation human health provides information concerning social structure, division of labor, and lifestyle. Differential health among the sexes can provide clues to social roles, resource acquisition and status within prehistoric populations. Windover (8Br246) is an Archaic mortuary pond located in eastern central Florida. Its occupation spans over 500 years and dates to 7000 years BP. Over 168 well-preserved individuals were excavated, providing a glimpse into life during Florida's Archaic. Through the application of the Western Hemisphere Health Index, we find that males within the group experienced better overall health than females. Males outscore females in quality of life, percent of maximum scores, stature, anemia, dental disease, and infection. Females out-score males in enamel hypoplasia and degenerative joint disease. Causative factors for observed differential health are examined and include activity levels, sexual division of labor, access to resources, and the physiological demands of childbearing.

Aspartic protease activities of schistosomes cleave mammalian hemoglobins in a host-specific manner

We examined the efficiency of digestion of hemoglobin from four mammalian species, human, cow, sheep, and horse by acidic extracts of mixed sex adults of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni. Activity ascribable to aspartic protease(s) from S. japonicum and S. mansoni cleaved human hemoglobin. In addition, aspartic protease activities from S. japonicum cleaved hemoglobin from bovine, sheep, and horse blood more efficiently than did the activity from extracts of S. mansoni. These findings support the hypothesis that substrate specificity of hemoglobin-degrading proteases employed by blood feeding helminth parasites influences parasite host species range; differences in amino acid sequences in key sites of the parasite proteases interact less or more efficiently with the hemoglobins of permissive or non-permissive hosts.

Desempenho de índices quantitativos de seca na estimativa da produtividade de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a intensidade e a ocorrência de seca pelo uso de índices quantitativos, e avaliar a relação entre esses índices e os dados da série histórica da produtividade ajustada do arroz de terras altas da microrregião de Goiânia, GO. O ajuste da série histórica foi realizado para minimizar os efeitos da variabilidade climática da região e dos avanços tecnológicos sobre a produtividade. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices: severidade de seca de Palmer (PDSI); Z de Palmer (Z-index); o de anomalia de chuva (RAI); e o padronizado de precipitação (SPI). Os índices de seca foram analisados com uso da correlação de Pearson, número e frequência de ocorrência da seca e percentual de acerto dos índices em relação à produtividade ajustada. O RAI quantificou o maior número de eventos extremos de seca, enquanto o PDSI não estimou nenhum caso. O Z-index apresentou o maior percentual de acerto, em relação às variações ocorridas na produtividade ajustada. Em períodos com variações da produtividade ajustada maior que 300 kg ha-1, Z-index, RAI e SPI apresentaram 78, 78 e 67% de percentuais de acerto, respectivamente. O Z-index teve o melhor desempenho na estimação da produtividade ajustada de arroz de terras altas.

Estimativa da variação da produtividade do arroz em diferentes escalas temporais do índice SPI

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acurácia do índice de seca SPI (índice padronizado de precipitação), em diferentes escalas temporais, na determinação da ocorrência de eventos de seca e na estimativa de seus efeitos na produtividade do arroz de terras altas, em seis diferentes microrregiões do Estado de Goiás. Foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação, provenientes de estações pluviométricas localizadas nos municípios de Uruaçu, Aruanã, Alexânia, Mineiros, Catalão e Itumbiara, no Estado de Goiás, como também a série histórica de produtividade do arroz de terras altas para as microrregiões goianas de Porangatu, Rio Vermelho, Entorno de Brasília, Sudoeste de Goiás, Catalão e Meia-Ponte. As escalas temporais utilizadas foram: mensal, trimestral, semestral e anual. As diferenças entre as escalas temporais do SPI foram avaliadas quanto ao número e frequência dos eventos de seca, ao percentual de acerto na estimativa da variação da produtividade ajustada de arroz, e quanto aos desvios entre essas estimativas e a produtividade observada. O aumento na escala temporal do SPI possibilita a identificação de eventos de seca de maior duração, e a escala anual (SPI-12) apresentou o melhor desempenho na estimativa da variação da produtividade ajustada de arroz de terras altas.

Transpiration response of upland rice to water deficit changed by different levels of eucalyptus biochar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of eucalyptus biochar on the transpiration rate of upland rice 'BRSMG Curinga' as an alternative means to decrease the effect of water stress on plant growth and development. Two-pot experiments were carried out using a completely randomized block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with six replicates. Main plots were water stress (WS) and no-water stress (NWS), and the subplots were biochar doses at 0, 6, 12 and 24% in growing medium (sand). Total transpirable soil water (TTSW), the p factor - defined as the average fraction of TTSW which can be depleted from the root zone before water stress limits growth -, and the normalized transpiration rate (NTR) were determined. Biochar addition increased TTSW and the p factor, and reduced NTR. Consequently, biochar addition was able to change the moisture threshold (p factor) of the growing medium, up to 12% maximum concentration, delaying the point where transpiration declines and affects yield.

Nitrogen fluxes from irrigated common‑bean as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization

The objective of this work was to measure the fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N throughout the growing season of irrigated common‑bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N2O‑N and NH3‑N were evaluated in areas with or without Congo signal grass mulching (Urochloa ruziziensis) or mineral fertilization. Fluxes of N were also measured in a native Cerrado area, which served as reference. Total N2O‑N and NH3‑N emissions were positively related to the increasing concentrations of moisture, ammonium, and nitrate in the crop system, within 0.5 m soil depth. Carbon content in the substrate and microbial biomass within 0.1 m soil depth were favoured by Congo signal grass and related to higher emissions of N2O‑N, regardless of N fertilization. Emission factors (N losses from the applied mineral nitrogen) for N2O‑N (0.01-0.02%) and NH3‑N (0.3-0.6%) were lower than the default value recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Mulch of Congo signal grass benefits N2O‑N emission regardless of N fertilization.

National exchange rate policies and international debt crises: how Brazil did not follow Argentina into a default in 2001-2002

This paper examines how exchange rate policies and IMF Stand-By Arrangements affect debt crises using econometrics and a comparison between Argentina and Brazil. It refines an existing diagram outlining crisis development to propose crisis prevention strategies. Flexible exchange rate policies reduce a country's probability of default by over 4%, but Stand-By Arrangements increase it by an inconsequential percentage. Unlike Argentina, Brazil avoided a default via a freely-floating exchange rate system, fiscal deficit reduction, and a cooperative and coordinated relationship with the IMF. The results provide policymakers from developing countries with lessons to manage their countries' default risks more effectively.