Ventricular resynchronization through biventricular cardiac pacing for the treatment of refractory heart failure in dilated cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVE: The biventricular pacing (BVP) approach has good results in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients (pts) with disorders of intraventricular conduction. METHODS: We have applied BVP to 28 pts, with left ventricular pacing using minitoracotomy in 3 pts and the transvenous aproach via coronary sinus in 25 pts. The mean duration of the QRS complexes was 187 ms, in the presence of the left branch block in 22 pts, and right branch block + divisional hemiblock in 6 pts. All pts had been considerated candidates to cardiac transplantation, and were under optimized drug therapy. Sixteen pts were in Functional Class (NYHA) IV, and 12 in class III. The ejection fraction varied from 22 to 46% (average = 34%). The pacing mode employed was biventricular triple-chamber in 22 pts, and bi-ventricular dual-chamber in 6 pts (one with ICD). RESULTS: The pts were followed up for a period that ranged from 10 days to 14 months (mean 5 months). All pts presented clinical improvement after implant, chaging the NYHA Functional Class at the end of follow-up to Class I (9pts), Class II (10 pts) and Class III (6 pts). The initial mean ejection fraction have-raised to 37%. Two pts died suddenly. One patient died due to a pulmonary fungal infection. CONCLUSION: Ventricular resynchronization through BVP, improved significantly the Functional Class and, therefore, the quality of life. Assessments of myocardial function acutely performed do not reflect the clinical improvement observed.

A New Use for the Amplatzer Duct Occluder Device

We report a case in which the Amplatzer device for percutaneous occlusion of ductus arteriosus was successfully used for occluding a large systemic-pulmonary collateral vessel in a patient who had previously undergone surgery for correction of pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (Rastelli technique), and was awaiting the change of a cardiac tube. In the first attempt, the device embolized to the distal pulmonary bed and, after being rescued with a Bitome, it was appropriately repositioned with no complications and with total occlusion of the vessel.

Marcapasso bi-atrial epicárdico subxifóide na obstrução da veia cava superior

Um paciente portador de marcapasso definitivo bi-atrial-ventricular por fibrilação atrial paroxística e bradicardia sinusal, em uso crônico de anticoagulante oral, apresentou sinais clínicos da síndrome da veia cava superior. A venografia por subtração digital mostrou obstrução total do tronco braquiocefálico venoso direito e grande dificuldade de fluxo sangüíneo da veia inominada para a veia cava superior. A abordagem terapêutica constou da remoção completa do sistema transvenoso seguida de reimplante do sistema bi-atrial-ventricular por técnica epimiocárdica pela via subxifóide assistida por fluoroscopia.

Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Using a Pocket-Size Device in the Emergency Room

Background:Cardiovascular urgencies are frequent reasons for seeking medical care. Prompt and accurate medical diagnosis is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these conditions.Objective:To evaluate the use of a pocket-size echocardiography in addition to clinical history and physical exam in a tertiary medical emergency care.Methods:One hundred adult patients without known cardiac or lung diseases who sought emergency care with cardiac complaints were included. Patients with ischemic changes in the electrocardiography or fever were excluded. A focused echocardiography with GE Vscan equipment was performed after the initial evaluation in the emergency room. Cardiac chambers dimensions, left and right ventricular systolic function, intracardiac flows with color, pericardium, and aorta were evaluated.Results:The mean age was 61 ± 17 years old. The patient complaint was chest pain in 51 patients, dyspnea in 32 patients, arrhythmia to evaluate the left ventricular function in ten patients, hypotension/dizziness in five patients and edema in one patient. In 28 patients, the focused echocardiography allowed to confirm the initial diagnosis: 19 patients with heart failure, five with acute coronary syndrome, two with pulmonary embolism and two patients with cardiac tamponade. In 17 patients, the echocardiography changed the diagnosis: ten with suspicious of heart failure, two with pulmonary embolism suspicious, two with hypotension without cause, one suspicious of acute coronary syndrome, one of cardiac tamponade and one of aortic dissection.Conclusion:The focused echocardiography with pocket-size equipment in the emergency care may allow a prompt diagnosis and, consequently, an earlier initiation of the therapy.

Clinical assessment of the effect of digital filtering on the detection of ventricular late potentials

Ventricular late potentials are low-amplitude signals originating from damaged myocardium and detected on the body surface by ECG filtering and averaging. Digital filters present in commercial equipment may interfere with the ability of arrhythmia stratification. We compared 40-Hz BiSpec (BI) and classical 40- to 250-Hz band-pass Butterworth bidirectional (BD) filters in terms of impact on time domain variables and diagnostic properties. In a transverse retrospective age-adjusted case-control study, 221 subjects with sinus rhythm without bundle branch block were divided into three groups after signal-averaged ECG acquisition: GI (N = 40), clinically normal controls, GII (N = 158), subjects with coronary heart disease without sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT), and GIII (N = 23), subjects with heart disease and documented SMVT. Conventional variables analyzed from vector magnitude data after averaging to 0.3 µV final noise were obtained by application of each filter to the averaged signal, and evaluated in pairs by numerical comparison and by diagnostic agreement assessment, using conventional and optimized thresholds of normality. Significant differences were found between BI and BD variables in all groups, with diagnostic results showing significant disagreement between both filters [kappa value of 0.61 (P<0.05) for GII and 0.31 for GIII (P = NS)]. Sensitivity for SMVT was lower with BI than with BD (65.2 vs 91.3%, respectively, P<0.05). Filters provided significantly different numerical and diagnostic results and the BI filter showed only limited clinical application to risk stratification of ventricular arrhythmia.

Opresión internalizada y prácticas sexuales de riesgo en varones homo-y bi-sexuales de México

OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre prácticas sexuales de riesgo para infección por VIH y la opresión que éstos han internalizado debido al prejuicio y discriminación que se enfrentan varones bisexuales y homosexuales. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal, y analítico. Entre septiembre y noviembre del 2001 se aplicó un cuestionario a 318 hombres que acudieron a organizaciones e instituciones ubicadas en la Ciudad de México. Las variables indagadas fueron: homofobia internalizada, percepción del estigma, ocultamiento y prácticas sexuales en los seis meses previos a la encuesta. Mediante modelos de regresión logistica se estimó la relación (odds ratios) de las formas de opresión internalizada con las prácticas sexuales de riesgo, ajustando por variables confusoras. RESULTADOS: De los entrevistados, 256 habían tenido por lo menos una relación sexual en los últimos seis meses, 50 respondieron no haberlas tenido y 12 no contestaron esta pregunta. Más del 30% de los varones no había utilizado preservativo cuando habían tenido sexo insertivo o receptivo. La homofobia internalizada se asoció con mayor riesgo de consumo de drogas antes o durante las relaciones sexuales, sexo insertivo sin condón, sexo receptivo sin condón y el tragar semen de otros hombres. CONCLUSIONES: Sigue siendo frecuente la adopción de prácticas sexuales de riesgo entre los varones bi y homosexuales. De las tres formas de opresión internalizada que se investigaron, la que se asoció con mayor probabilidad de prácticas sexuales de riesgo fue la homofobia internalizada. Esta información puede ser incorporada en el diseño de programas de promoción de uso de condón entre varones bi y homosexuales.

PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY IN PATIENTS WITHOUT LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION

The identification of predictors for the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is essential to ensure adequate patient management. This study looked into a non-concurrent cohort of 165 CCC patients between 1985 and 2010 for independent predictors for CCC progression. The outcomes were worsening of the CCC scores and the onset of left ventricular dysfunction assessed by means of echo-Doppler cardiography. Patients were analyzed for social, demographic, epidemiologic, clinical and workup-related variables. A descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by survival curves based on univariate (Kaplan-Meier and Cox’s univariate model) and multivariate (Cox regression model) analysis. Patients were followed from two to 20 years (mean: 8.2). Their mean age was 44.8 years (20-77). Comparing both iterations of the study, in the second there was a statistically significant increase in the PR interval and in the QRS duration, despite a reduction in heart rates (Wilcoxon < 0.01). The predictors for CCC progression in the final regression model were male gender (HR = 2.81), Holter monitoring showing pauses equal to or greater than two seconds (HR = 3.02) increased cardiothoracic ratio (HR = 7.87) and time of use of digitalis (HR = 1.41). Patients with multiple predictive factors require stricter follow-up and treatment.

Doença de Chagas em Virgem da Lapa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. IV. Aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos do aneurisma ventricular esquerdo

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas do aneurisma ventricular esquerdo na doença de Chagas crônica, 388 indivíduos não selecionados: 298 chagásicos e 90 não-chagásicos, foram submetidos ao exame ecocardiográfico. A função ventricular foi avaliada ao modo M através do cálculo da fração de ejeção e ao bidimensional através da análise subjetiva da função sistólica global e a contratilidade regional foi avaliada pelo modelo da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. Foram diagnosticados 56 (18,8%) aneurismas do ventrículo esquerdo, todos entre os chagásicos, sendo 38 (12,7%) no segmento apical, 10 (3,4%) no septo interventricular, 2 (0,7%) ápico-septal, 2 (0,7%) na parede posterior, 2 (0,7%) na parede inferior e 2 (0,7%) no segmento ínfero-posterior. Não houve diferença significativa nas freqüências dos aneurismas em relação à faixa etária, ao sexo e à etnia. Não houve associação entre aneurismas e hipertensão arterial. Dos 56 indivíduos com aneurismas, 55 (98,2%) eram sintomáticos com predominância de palpitações, 53 (94,6,%) apresentaram ECG anormais, com predominância de extra-sístoles ventriculares, seguidas de alterações da condução e 34 (60,7%) apresentaram comprometimento da função ventricular, sem diferença quanto ao segmento acometido. Diante destes resultados podemos considerar o aneurisma ventricular esquerdo, principalmente apical, como um marcador de doença de Chagas e um indicador da alta morbidade da infecção humana pelo T. cruzi em Virgem da Lapa.

Pacientes chagásicos crônicos portadores de disfunção do nódulo sinusal: a presença de anticorpos IgG com ação agonista muscarínica independe da disfunção ventricular esquerda?

Estudos mostram que anticorpos IgG agonistas muscarínicos, de pacientes chagásicos, alteram a atividade elétrica de células cardíacas in vitro. Outros consideram sua presença, e a da síndrome do nódulo sinusal, conseqüências da lesão cardíaca progressiva. Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre os anticorpos e as disfunções nodal e ventricular esquerda, em 65 pacientes chagásicos crônicos divididos em grupo I, composto de 31 pacientes portadores da síndrome do nódulo sinusal, e grupo II, de não portadores. A análise dos dados, pelo modelo log linear, mostrou uma interdependência entre a disfunção do nódulo sinusal e os anticorpos (p=0,0021) e entre a disfunção nodal e a ventricular (p=0,0005), mas não houve relação entre esta última e os anticorpos. Idade e sexo não tiveram influência sobre as outras variáveis. Chagásicos crônicos com a síndrome do nódulo sinusal têm maior prevalência de anticorpos agonistas muscarínicos, independentemente da presença de disfunção miocárdica.

Associação entre dissinergia miocárdica e arritmia ventricular na forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes na forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas (FIDC) podem apresentar anormalidades contráteis segmentares, com evidências de pior prognóstico comparativamente a pacientes com estudo ecocardiográfico normal. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a associação entre a presença de anormalidade contrátil segmentar e a presença de distúrbios do ritmo cardíaco na FIDC. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 38 pacientes na FIDC, sendo 26 pacientes sem anormalidade contrátil e 12 com presença de distúrbio contrátil ao estudo ecocardiográfico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um estudo ecocardiográfico completo, incluindo o Doppler tecidual, bem como à monitorização eletrocardiográfica de 24h (Holter). RESULTADOS: Entre as diversas variáveis estudadas, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em relação à fração de ejeção (p < 0,001), dimensão sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (p = 0,029) e tempo de contração isovolumétrica (p < 0,05) medidos pela ecocardiografia e Doppler tecidual, bem como extrassistolia ventricular isolada (p = 0,016) e em pares (p = 0,003) pela avaliação pelo Holter. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes na FIDC que apresentam anormalidades contráteis quando avaliados pela ecocardiografia apresentam episódios mais frequentes de extrassistolia ventricular, traduzindo um maior dano morfofuncional e elétrico do coração, quando comparados a pacientes que apresentem estudo ecocardiográfico normal.

One-year cardiac morphological and functional evolution following permanent pacemaker implantation in right ventricular septal position in chagasic patients

INTRODUCTION: The septal position is an alternative site for cardiac pacing (CP) that is potentially less harmful to cardiac function. METHODS: Patients with Chagas disease without heart failure submitted to permanent pacemaker (PP) implantation at the Clinics Hospital of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University (UFTM), were selected from February 2009 to February 2010. The parameters analyzed were ventricular remodeling, the degree of electromechanical dyssynchrony (DEM), exercise time and VO2 max during exercise testing (ET) and functional class (NYHA). Echocardiography was performed 24 to 48h following implantation and after one year follow-up. The patients were submitted to ET one month postprocedure and at the end of one year. RESULTS: Thirty patients were included. Patient mean age was 59±13 years-old. Indication for PP implantation was complete atrioventricular (AV) block in 22 (73.3%) patients and 2nd degree AV block in the other eight (26.7%). All patients were in NYHA I and no changes occurred in the ET parameters. No variations were detected in echocardiographic remodeling measurements. Intraventricular dyssynchrony was observed in 46.6% of cases and interventricular dyssynchrony in 33.3% of patients after one year. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this work suggest that there is not significant morphological and functional cardiac change following pacemaker implantation in septal position in chagasic patients with normal left ventricular function after one year follow-up. Thus, patients may remain asymptomatic, presenting maintenance of functional capacity and no left ventricular remodeling.

Is autonomic function associated with left ventricular systolic function in Chagas heart disease patients undergoing treatment for heart failure?

Introduction The association between cardiac autonomic and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in Chagas disease (ChD) is controversial. Methods A standardized protocol that includes the Valsalva maneuver, a respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) test, and an echocardiographic examination was used. Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) were used to investigate associations. Results The study population consisted of 118 ChD patients undergoing current medical treatment, with an average LV ejection fraction of 51.4±2.6%. The LV ejection fraction and diastolic dimension were correlated with the Valsalva index (rho=0.358, p<0.001 and rho=-0.266, p=0.004, respectively) and the RSA (rho=0.391, p<0.001 and rho=-0.311, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions The impairment of LV function is directly associated with a reduction of cardiac autonomic modulation in ChD.