EVALUATION OF THE MOLLUSCICIDAL POTENTIAL OF HYDROALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF Jatropha gossypiifolia Linnaeus, 1753 ON Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

The action of extracts from the stem, leaves, and fruit of Jatropha gossypiifolia on Biomphalaria glabrata was studied by analyzing survival, feeding capacity and oviposition ability. The extracts were obtained by macerating the plant parts in 92% ethanol, which were then evaporated until a dry residue was obtained and phytochemically studied. The molluscicidal activity on B. glabrata was investigated using the procedures recommended by WHO (1965). The amount of food ingested and oviposition were measured during each experiment. The extract of leaves from J. gossypiifolia was shown to be a strong molluscicidal agent, causing 100% mortality of B. glabrata, even in the lowest concentration tested, of 25 ppm. Regarding the fruit extract, there was variation in the mortality, depending on the concentration used (100, 75, 50 and 25 ppm). The snails that were in contact with the fruit extract had significant reduction in feeding and number of embryos in comparison to the control. The stem extract did not present molluscicidal activity nor had any influence on the feeding and oviposition abilities of B. glabrata, in the concentrations tested. In conclusion, the extracts of leaves and fruits of J. gossypiifolia investigated in this work show molluscicidal effect and may be sources of useful compounds for the schistosomiasis control.

Book review of Consciousness by Christopher Hill

Christopher S. Hill advances a theory of conscious experience that employs the idea of representation to unify and explain a wide range of subjective phenomena, including emotions and pain. The theory shows the relevance of philosophical thought in a multidisciplinary view of the mind.

Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment: 11 - Biting activity and blood-seeking parity of Anopheles (Kerteszia) in South-Eastern Brazil

An. (Ker.) cruzii and An. (Ker.) bellator were monitored by the use of human bait and Shannon trap collections during a one-year period in 1994. Indoor and outdoor collections were made on human bait and inside the forest environment a Shannon trap was used. Both were undertaken in the evening crepuscular period. Results showed a greater abundance of An. cruzii in the forest, where as An. bellator was more abundant in the domiciliary environment. Through the application of the Polovodova method an age grading was established. Computing the parous and nulliparous females with Christopher's Stage III and above, more than 30.0% of blood-seeking specimens of both anophelines had had a previous blood meal. The higher abundance of An. bellator as compared with that of An. cruzii in the domiciliary environment may be explained by the influence of the neighboring low-lying coastal islands of the estuary system.

Paridade e influência do vento sobre a freqüência de Anopheles marajoara, São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da velocidade do vento sobre o comportamento da população de Anopheles marajoara e sua paridade. MÉTODOS: As capturas foram feitas a cada dois meses, de janeiro de 1999 a fevereiro de 2000, no município de Ilha Comprida, no Estado de São Paulo, com utilização de aspirador manual movido à pilha. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para verificar a possível influência do vento sobre o comportamento dos mosquitos capturados. Para determinar a paridade, utilizou-se a técnica de Polovodova e a análise do desenvolvimento folicular de Christopher e Mer. RESULTADOS: Foram capturados 11.833 mosquitos, dos quais 3.072 foram de An. marajoara. Observou-se pico de atividade hematofágica de An. marajoara no período das 2:00 às 5:00h. Das 1.006 fêmeas dissecadas, 530 (52,7%) foram nulíparas, 432 (42,9%) uníparas, 24 (2,4%) bíparas e uma multípara; 982 (97,6%) apresentavam seus folículos nas fases I/II de Christopher e Mer, sete nas fases III/IV, e 17 na fase V. Verificou-se diferença significativa entre a freqüência de An. marajoara diante de vento com velocidades iguais ou superiores a 3 km/h e para medidas inferiores a 3 km/h. CONCLUSÕES: An. marajoara apresentou atividade hematofágica notadamente noturna. Verificou-se que aproximadamente 50% das fêmeas de An. marajoara dissecadas eram oníparas. O dado, associado à elevada porcentagem (97,6%) de fêmeas com folículos nos estágios I e II de Christopher e Mer, sugere a existência de concordância gonotrófica. A freqüência de An. marajoara sofreu considerável redução diante de ventos com velocidade igual ou superior a 3 km/h.

The AIDS epidemic in the Amazon region: a spatial case-control study in Rondonia, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze spatial changes in the risk of AIDS and the relationship between AIDS incidence and socioeconomic variables in the state of Rondonia, Amazon region. METHODS A spatial, population case-control study in Rondonia, Brazil, based on 1,780 cases reported to the Epidemiological Surveillance System and controls based on demographic data from 1987 to 2006. The cases were grouped into five consecutive four-year periods. A generalized additive model was adjusted to the data; the dependent variable was the status of the individuals (case or control), and the independent variables were a bi-dimensional spline of the geographic coordinates and some municipality-level socioeconomic variables. The observed values of the Moran’s I test were compared to a reference distribution of values generated under conditions of spatial randomness. RESULTS AIDS risk shows a marked spatial and temporal pattern. The disease incidence is related to socioeconomic variables at the municipal level in Rondônia, such as urbanization and human capital. The highest incidence rates of AIDS are in municipalities along the BR-364 highway and calculations of the Moran’s I test show positive spatial correlation associated with proximity of the municipality to the highway in the third and fourth periods (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Incidence of the disease is higher in municipalities of greater economic wealth and urbanization, and in those municipalities bisected by Rondônia’s main roads. The rapid development associated with the opening up of once remote regions may be accompanied by an increase in these risks to health.

Controle da transmissão transfusional da doença de Chagas na Iniciativa do Cone Sul

Integrando os objetivos principais da iniciativa dos 6 Países do Cone Sul para a eliminação da doença de Chagas, a partir de 1991, foram intensificadas as ações de controle das atividades hemoterápicas, em paralelo com o combate intensivo ao Triatoma infestans, principal vetor da doença da Região. Através das atividades específicas e também como produto direto do controle vetorial, nota-se importante diminuição dos riscos da transmissão transfusional do Trypanosoma cruzi nas áreas trabalhadas. Além de legislação específica sobre a qualidade da hemoterapia, implementaram-se laboratórios nacionais e regionais de referência, com a assistência da OPS, objetivando-se uma boa sorologia pré-transfusional dos doadores, cuja cobertura tem aumentado. Observa-se ainda uma progressiva diminuição na prevalência da infeção chagásica entre doadores e também um progressivo deslocamento dos doadores infetados para grupos etários mais elevados, como fruto do controle vetorial e do próprio descarte de doadores soro-positivos em doações anteriores. São analisados dados e tendências do problema pelos Países, sendo mais preocupante a situação da Bolívia, com maiores taxas de prevalência e menores de cobertura do programa, ali sendo indicadas ações de quimioprofilaxia, conforme os critérios da OMS. Antevê-se a médio prazo o controle da transmissão da doença de Chagas humana na maior parte da Região, desde que cumpridas corretamente as etapas do programa em andamento, devidamente consolidadas através de efetiva vigilância epidemiológica.

Excito-repellency effect of deltamethrin on triatomines under laboratory conditions

This work demonstrates that deltamethrin in low doses produces an excito-repellency effect on triatomines, as already observed for mosquitoes. A wooden box covered with a cloth impregnated with deltamethrin at doses of 2.5 and 5mg ai/m² was utilized for the experiment. The triatomine species studied were Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius neglectus and Triatoma sordida. Adults were released in one of the sides of the box and their position was noted in subsequent periods. The observations were realized on the day the cloth was impregnated and subsequently repeated at 30 and 60 days for T. sordida; on day 120, the remaining species were included. Insect mortality and attempts at flight from the box were also observed. Excito-repellency was evident for all species and doses up to day 120. The only species that attempted to fly was P. megistus. The excito-repellency effect may be considered as an additional advantage to the insecticide power, as it should be able to prevent the installation of new colonies by females that fly into the homes, and at the moment of the spraying, it should promote the flushing out of triatomines from the wall crevices and from other shelters.

Doença de Chagas na Amazônia: esboço da situação atual e perspectivas de prevenção

A tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma cruzi na Região Amazônica tem sido motivo de preocupação ao longo dos tempos, dada a grande dispersão de vetores infectados e crescentes migrações humanas. Um seminário internacional da ECLAT em julho/2002 analisou a situação e perspectivas quanto à dispersão da doença humana concluindo ser a mesma ainda esporádica e com potencial de ampliação na área, requerendo objetivo e integrado esforço de vigilância, compartido por todos os Países da Região.

Occurrence and variability of Panstrongylus lutzi in the State of Ceará, Brazil

Panstrongylus lutzi is generally restricted to the "caatinga" areas of north-eastern Brazil. Adult insects are frequently found in local houses, but colonies have not previously been registered in the statistics of the Control Programme of Chagas Disease. In Ceará State, our study revealed increasing occurrence of this species, usually with high infection rates for Trypanosoma cruzi, and always represented by adults that invaded the artificial environment. We also found nymphs in the peridomicile and inside the houses. In silvatic habitats we collected two adult females from hollow tree trunks, which may represent an alternative natural ecotope for the species in this state. Panstrongylus lutzi entomological collections from Sobral and Crateús, studied by morphology and morphometrics, showed great variability; those from Crateús were larger smaller and paler in colour, with individuals showing genital features consistent with those described for Panstrongylus lutzi or Panstrongylus sherlocki, whereas those from Sobral were darker and with genitalia compatible with P. sherlocki, nevertheless, all were considered to be Panstrongylus lutzi.

Transpiration rates for several woody successional species and for a pasture in the upper Amazon basin in Venezuela

Evapotranspiration rates for a eight month old tropical pasture were estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation. Transpiration rates for several woody secondary successional species and stump sprous in the pasture and conucos (farm sites) were measured using the tritiated water technique.The stuty area was located near the village of San Carlos de Rio Negro (1° 56' N, 67° 03' W) in southern Venezuela, near the confluence of the Casiquiare and the Rio Guania wich forms the Rio Negro. The terrain was gently rolling with the areas between the small ridges supporting Amazon caatina forests on spodosols, and higher never flooded areas (tierra firma) supporting a mixed species forest.Results indicated that for a one month period, ET loss (0.46 cm/day) from the pasture, including soil and root mat evaporation, was about 0.43 cm/day less than estimated from the adjacent undisturbed forest (0.89 cm/day). Pan A evaporation for the same time period was 0.64 cm/day. Transpiration rates for seed established species were significantly less (0.38 cm/day) than for stump sprouts (1.09 cm/day) of the primary forest in the pasture.

Nutritional preferences of wood-feeding termites inhabiting floodplain forests of the Amazon River, Brazil

The alimentary preferences of five species of wood-feeding termites of the genus Nasutitermes that coexist in the inundated forests of the floodplains of the Amazon river várzea for species of fresh wood and for wood in different stages of decomposition was evaluated in laboratory tests. Wood of low density was generally preferred; the decay stages were preferred over fresh wood. The five termite species differ in the amplitude of their choices, indicating a strong differentiation in food choice among them. Differences in feeding preferences may be a niche-separating factor for these five Nasutitermes species of the floodplains.

Occurrence, body mass and biomass of Syntermes spp. (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Reserva Ducke, Central Amazonia

The leaf-feeding species Syntermes molestus and S. spinosus are two dominant termite species in Reserva Ducke in Central Amazonia; two other species (S. aculeosus, S. longiceps) exist in the area. All species except S. aculeosus were also found in urban areas. The workers of S. molestus and S. spinosus have average body dry weights of 4.5±0.2 and 13.1±1.4 mg, and the weight of their soldiers is 8.2±0.2 and 51.0±1.7 mg, respectively. Therefore, S. spinosus is among the largest termites of the world. In both species, fresh weight is about 4.7 higher than dry weight (a wider relation than in other termite species). The biomass of the populations of both species amounted to about 1 g m-2 (dry weight; indirect estimate), which rises previous assessments of the total termite biomass by about 36-45%, to a value of 3.0-3.5 g m-2.

Observations on dynamics of foraging hole construction of two leaf-feeding, soil-inhabiting Syntermes species (insecta: Isoptera) in an Amazonian Rainforest, Brazil

The intensity of construction of foraging access holes by two leaf-litter feeding, soil- inhabiting termite species, Syntermes molestus and Syntermes spinosus, in a Central Amazonian rain forest, was observed on consecutive nights for two weeks. Between 11 and 48 nest entrances per m2 were counted. Interaction between the two species was intense; some entrance holes were overtaken by the larger species during the observations; however, both species coexist in the area. A calculated minimum of 35 entrances/m2 is built every year by both species, emphasizing the importance of soil-burrowing termites for soil structure, aeration and water regime.