Avaliação do amaciamento de carne bovina de dianteiro (Triceps brachii) pelos métodos de maturação, estimulação elétrica, injeção de ácidos e tenderização mecânica

Vinte e dois músculos Triceps brachii obtidos de 11 bovinos fêmeas com idade 3 e 4 anos, abatidos em abatedouro experimental, foram submetidos à tenderização mecânica, à injeção de ácido acético 0,1M e ácido lático 0,2M, à maturação por 9 e 14 dias, à estimulação elétrica (250V - 60 Hz - 90s), sendo alguns reservados como grupo-controle, sem tratamento. A maturação por 14 dias apresentou 21% de aumento na maciez subjetiva e 12% de diminuição da força de cisalhamento; estes valores são semelhantes aos da estimulação elétrica. Contudo, a injeção com ácidos e a maturação por 9 dias não apresentaram efeito significativo sobre a textura da carne tratada. E embora o valor da força de cisalhamento da carne tenderizada mecanicamente tenha sido o menor entre todos os tratamentos, suspeita-se de superestimação devido ao plano de fraturas criadas por tal processo.Ainda outras análises foram realizadas, como: monitoramento da curva de pH e de valor R; análises de cor; perda de peso por cozimento e devido aos tratamentos; e análises microbiológicas.

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

OBJECTIVE: To compare the lipid profiles and coronary heart disease risks of 2 Brazilian Amazonian populations as follows: a riverside population (village of Vigia) and an urban population (city of Belém in the state of Pará). METHODS: Fifty individuals controlled for age and sex were assessed in each region, and the major risk factors for coronary heart disease were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) and using the Framingham score, both populations had the same absolute risk of events (Vigia = 5.4 ± 1 vs Belém = 5.7 ± 1), although the population of Vigia had a lower consumption of saturated fat (P<0.0001), a greater consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fat (P<0.03), in addition to lower values for body mass index (25.4± 0.6 vs 27.6 ± 0.7 kg/m², P<0.02), of biceps skin fold (18.6 ± 1.1 vs 27.5 ± 1.3 mm, P<0.0001), of triceps skin fold (28.7 ± 1.2 vs 37.3 ± 1.7 mm, P<0.002), and of total cholesterol (205 ± 5 vs 223 ± 6 mg/dL, P< 0.03) and triglycerides (119 ± 9 vs 177 ± 18 mg/dL, P<0.005). Both populations did not differ in regard to HDL-C (46 ± 1 vs 46 ± 1 mg/dL), LDL-C (135 ± 4 vs 144 ± 5 mg/dL) and blood pressure (SBP 124 ± 3 vs 128 ± 3 mmHg; DBP 80 ± 2 vs 82 ± 2 mmHg). CONCLUSION: The riverside and urban populations of Amazonia had similar cardiovascular risks. However, the marked difference in the variables studied suggests that different strategies of prevention should be applied.

Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder: imaging findings

Synovial chondromatosis is a benign condition characterized by synovial proliferation and metaplasia, with development of cartilaginous or osteocartilaginous nodules within a joint, bursa or tendon sheath. In the shoulder, synovial osteochondromatosis may occur within the glenohumeral joint and its recesses (including the tendon sheath of the biceps long head), and in the subacromial-deltoid bursa. Such condition can be identified either by radiography, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging, showing typical features according to each method. Radiography commonly shows ring-shaped calcified cartilages and periarticular soft tissues swelling with erosion of joint margins. Ultrasonography demonstrates hypoechogenic cartilaginous nodules with progressive increase in echogenicity as they become calcified, with development of posterior acoustic shadow in case of ossification. Besides identifying cartilaginous nodules, magnetic resonance imaging can also demonstrate the degree of synovial proliferation. The present study is aimed at describing the imaging findings of this entity in the shoulder.

Evaluation of electromyographic activity and heart rate responses to isometric exercise. The role played by muscular mass and type

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the electromyographic (EMG) activity and heart rate (HR) responses induced by isometric exercise performed by knee extension (KE) and flexion (KF) in men. Fifteen healthy male subjects, 21 ± 1.3 years (mean ± SD), were submitted to KE and KF isometric exercise tests at 100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The exercises were performed with one leg (right or left) and with two legs simultaneously, for 10 s in the sitting position with the hip and knee flexed at 90o. EMG activity (root mean square values) and HR (beats/min) were recorded simultaneously both at rest and throughout the sustained contraction. The HR responses to isometric exercise in KE and KF were similar when performed with one and two legs. However, the HR increase was always significantly higher in KE than KF (P<0.05), whereas the EMG activity was higher in KE than in KF (P<0.05), regardless of the muscle mass (one or two legs) involved in the effort. The correlation coefficients between HR response and the EMG activity during KE (r = 0.33, P>0.05) and KF (r = 0.15, P>0.05) contractions were not significant. These results suggest that the predominant mechanism responsible for the larger increase in HR response to KE as compared to KF in our study could be dependent on qualitative and quantitative differences in the fiber type composition found in each muscle group. This mechanism seems to demand a higher activation of motor units with a corresponding increase in central command to the cardiovascular centers that modulate HR control.

Effects of chronic heart disease on skeletal muscle fiber size

Size changes in muscle fibers of subjects with chronic heart disease (CHD) have been reported, although a consensus has not been achieved. The aims of the present study were to investigate a possible association between CHD and fiber size changes in the brachial biceps compared to subjects without heart disease. Forty-six muscle samples were obtained in autopsies of individuals (13 to 84 years) without neuromuscular disorders, 19 (10 males and 9 females) with, and 27 (14 males and 13 females) without CHD. In all cases muscle sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and processed for the visualization of myofibrillar ATPase activity. The lesser diameter of type 1 and type 2 fibers was obtained tracing their outlines (at least 150 fibers of each type per sample) onto an image analyzer connected to a computer. The results were analyzed statistically comparing males and females with and without CHD. Type 1 fiber mean lesser diameters were 51.51 and 54.52 µm in males (normal range 34-71 µm) and 45.65 and 55.42 µm in females (normal range 34-65 µm) without and with CHD, respectively; type 2 fibers measured 54.31, 58.23, 41.15, and 49.57 µm, respectively (normal range 36-79 µm for males and 32-59 µm for females). No significant difference in fiber size was detected in 24 males with and without CHD, while in 22 females there was a significant increase in size in those with cardiomyopathy. We concluded that CHD does not determine significant changes in fiber size. However, in females, there is some hypertrophy which, despite within normal range, may reflect morphologic heterogeneity of the sample, or the daily life activities in the upper limbs as a compensatory mechanism to fatigability that affect predominantly the lower limbs in subjects with CHD.

Effect of frequency of static stretching on flexibility, hamstring tightness and electromyographic activity

We compared the effect of the number of weekly repetitions of a static stretching program on the flexibility, hamstring tightness and electromyographic activity of the hamstring and of the triceps surae muscles. Thirty-one healthy subjects with hamstring tightness, defined as the inability to perform total knee extension, and shortened triceps surae, defined by a tibiotarsal angle wider than 90° during trunk flexion, were divided into three groups: G1 performed the stretching exercises once a week; G2, three times a week, and G3, five times a week. The parameters were determined before and after the stretching program. Flexibility improved in all groups after intervention, from 7.65 ± 10.38 to 3.67 ± 12.08 in G1, from 10.73 ± 12.07 to 0.77 ± 10.45 in G2, and from 14.20 ± 10.75 to 6.85 ± 12.19 cm in G3 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). The increase in flexibility was higher in G2 than in G1 (P = 0.018), while G2 and G3 showed no significant difference (G1: 4 ± 2.17, G2: 10 ± 5.27; G3: 7.5 ± 4.77 cm). Hamstring tightness improved in all groups, from 37.90 ± 6.44 to 29 ± 11.65 in G1, from 39.82 ± 9.63 to 21.91 ± 8.40 in G2, and from 37.20 ± 6.63 to 26.10 ± 5.72° in G3 (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). During stretching, a statistically significant difference was observed in electromyographic activity of biceps femoris muscle between G1 and G3 (P = 0.048) and G2 and G3 (P = 0.0009). No significant differences were found in electromyographic activity during maximal isometric contraction. Stretching exercises performed three times a week were sufficient to improve flexibility and range of motion compared to subjects exercising once a week, with results similar to those of subjects who exercised five times a week.

Anthropometric midarm measurements can detect systemic fat-free mass depletion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Our objective was to determine whether anthropometric measurements of the midarm (MA) could identify subjects with whole body fat-free mass (FFM) depletion. Fifty-five patients (31% females; age: 64.6 ± 9.3 years) with mild/very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 18 smokers without COPD (39% females; age: 49.0 ± 7.3 years) and 23 never smoked controls (57% females; age: 48.2 ± 9.6 years) were evaluated. Spirometry, muscle strength and MA circumference were measured. MA muscle area was estimated by anthropometry and MA cross-sectional area by computerized tomography (CT) scan. Bioelectrical impedance was used as the reference method for FFM. MA circumference and MA muscle area correlated with FFM and biceps and triceps strength. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that MA circumference and MA muscle area cut-off points presented sensitivity and specificity >82% to discriminate FFM-depleted subjects. CT scan measurements did not provide improved sensitivity or specificity. For all groups, there was no significant statistical difference between MA muscle area [35.2 (29.3-45.0) cm²] and MA cross-sectional area values [36.4 (28.5-43.3) cm²] and the linear correlation coefficient between tests was r = 0.77 (P < 0.001). However, Bland-Altman plots revealed wide 95% limits of agreement (-14.7 to 15.0 cm²) between anthropometric and CT scan measurements. Anthropometric MA measurements may provide useful information for identifying subjects with whole body FFM depletion. This is a low-cost technique and can be used in a wider patient population to identify those likely to benefit from a complete body composition evaluation.

Medições instrumentais e sensoriais de dureza e suculência na carne caprina

Foi avaliado o efeito do tipo de músculo e da maturação sobre algumas propriedades funcionais e sensoriais da carne caprina. Utilizaram-se os músculos longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus e biceps femoris de cabras com aproximadamente 20 meses de idade. A carne, sem maturar e maturada por sete dias, foi avaliada para perdas por cocção (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC), por métodos instrumentais, e para dureza sensorial (DS) e suculência sensorial (SS), por provadores treinados. As PPC não sofreram efeito significativo (p > 0,05) do tipo de músculo e da maturação da carne. A carne sem maturar do músculo semimembranosus apresentou maior FC que aquelas dos músculos longissimus dorsi e biceps femoris. Em relação ao tipo de músculo, após a maturação, as carnes dos músculos semimembranosus e biceps femoris se apresentaram mais macias que a do longissimus dorsi. Quanto ao efeito da maturação, a FC da carne do músculo semimembranosus diminuiu significativamente. A FC apresentou correlação positiva com DS e correlação negativa com SS. Dureza e suculência avaliadas de forma sensorial apresentaram correlação negativa. A maturação por 7 dias diminuiu a dureza, mas não afetou as PPC da carne dos músculos semimembranosus e bíceps femoris.

Composição química e rendimento da carne ovina in natura e assada

Utilizou-se o músculo Triceps brachii de cordeiros não castrados ½ Ile de France ½ Santa Inês terminados em confinamento para a realização das análises físico-químicas. Foram determinados: a umidade, a proteína, a gordura, as cinzas e os carboidratos da carne, in natura e assada, destes animais, assim como o rendimento desta carne, após o processo de cocção. A carne assada apresentou valores maiores de gordura e proteína (7,49 e 33,67%) em comparação com a carne in natura (5,36 e 18,85%), respectivamente. Os percentuais de cinzas e carboidratos não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos estudados, porém para os valores de umidade, a carne in natura obteve valores superiores ao da carne assada, 74,05 e 57,02%, respectivamente. A carne assada teve perdas durante o seu preparo por evaporação, por gotejamento e por cocção de 33,20, 1,36 e 35,20%, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a carne assada apresenta valor nutricional mais elevado que a carne in natura, para os teores de gordura e proteína, pelo fato da carne in natura apresentar maior valor de umidade em relação à assada, ocasionando assim a concentração de gordura e de proteína na carne assada. O preparo da carne ocasionou perdas por cocção de 35,20%, por gotejamento e evaporação.

Avaliação físico-química e microbiológica da carne soleada do Pantanal

A carne soleada é um produto similar à carne de sol e originária exclusivamente do Pantanal. O objetivo foi avaliar variáveis físico-químicas e microbiológicas da carne soleada produzida em sistema modelo. Foram avaliados os efeitos da utilização dos recursos tecnológicos do congelamento e embalagem a vácuo sobre as variáveis microbiológicas. Prepararam-se amostras usando o corte comercial coxão duro (m. biceps femural) e avaliadas as variáveis de pH, atividade de água, teor de cloretos e perdas de água por pressão, exsudação e cozimento. As contagens de S. aureus e E. coli foram realizadas na matéria-prima, carne soleada in natura e carne soleada congelada e embalada a vácuo. Os resultados mostram que a carne soleada precisa de adaptações para que se possa sugerir sua produção em escala. A atividade de água com valor médio de 0,97, pH em 5,72 e teor de cloretos em torno de 2,7% sugerem um produto com baixa vida de prateleira e que pode ser substrato para microrganismos patogênicos para o homem. O congelamento e a embalagem a vácuo não são recursos adequados para a conservação da carne soleada tradicional.