Determinants of vaccination after the Colombian health system reform

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of individual, household and healthcare system factors on poor children's use of vaccination after the reform of the Colombian health system. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in a random sample of insured poor population in Bogota, in 1999. The conceptual and analytical framework was based on the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization. It considers two units of analysis for studying vaccination use and its determinants: the insured poor population, including the children and their families characteristics; and the health care system. Statistical analysis were carried out by chi-square test with 95% confidence intervals, multivariate regression models and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis showed that vaccination use was related not only to population characteristics such as family size (OR=4.3), living area (OR=1.7), child's age (OR=0.7) and head-of-household's years of schooling (OR=0.5), but also strongly related to health care system features, such as having a regular health provider (OR=6.0) and information on providers' schedules and requirements for obtaining care services (OR=2.1). CONCLUSIONS: The low vaccination use and the relevant relationships to health care delivery systems characteristics show that there are barriers in the healthcare system, which should be assessed and eliminated. Non-availability of regular healthcare and deficient information to the population are factors that can limit service utilization.

Morphological analysis of three populations of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia

Based on the results of comparative analyses of 1,039 specimens of several progenies of Anopheles nuneztovarifrom three localities in Colombia, eight costal wing spot patterns were observed. Patterns I and III were the most frequent: 77.96% and 11.36%, respectively. Using the diagnostic characters ratio of the length of the basal dark area of hind tarsomere II/length of hind tarsomere II, ratio of the length of the humeral pale spot/length of the pre-humeral dark spot, and the ratio of the length of the subcostal pale spot/length of the distal sector dark spot (DS-III2/Ta-III2, HP/PHD, SCP/DSD) approximately 5% of the adult females were misidentified as a species of Nyssorhynchus, different from An. nuneztovari. Approximately 5% of the specimens showed DS-III2/Ta-III2 ratio less than 0.25 (range 0.21 - 0.24), and among them 3.34% shared a HP/PHD ratio less than 1.50. Consequently, 1.52% of An. nuneztovari individuals can be misidentified as Anopheles oswaldoi. In those specimens with the DS-III2/Ta-III2 ratios higher than 0.25, 34.45% displayed SCP/DSD values greater than 0.50 and of these, 3.65% displayed HP/PHD values greater than 1.8. This combination of characters could lead one to misidentify samples of An. nuneztovari as Anopheles rangeli. Similarly, 2.43% of the females could be identified erroneously as either Anopheles aquasalis or Anopheles benarrochi. Individuals with a HP/PHD ratio greater than 2.0, could be misidentified as Anopheles trinkae, Anopheles strodei or Anopheles evansae. A distinct combination of diagnostic characters for An. nuneztovari from Colombia is proposed.

Estado actual de fruticultura colombiana y perspectivas para su desarrollo

La horticultura en Colombia comprende las áreas de floricultura, fruticultura, olerícultura, producción de plantas aromáticas y medicinales y la horticultura urbana. La promoción y desarrollo del sector frutícola representa para Colombia una importante fuente de crecimiento de la agricultura, de generación de empleo rural y de desarrollo con equidad para las distintas regiones puesto que las frutas pueden asentarse en los diversos pisos térmicos de que dispone el país, a la vez que conforma una producción administrada con criterios de eficiencia y sostenibilidad en escalas que van desde micro, pequeños y medianos productores hasta grandes productores y empresas. Durante las últimas cuatro décadas el área sembrada en frutas expresa una dinámica de constante crecimiento, consiguiendo así aumentar su participación tanto en el área dedicada a cultivos no transables, como en el total del área de la agricultura sin café. Así, mientras en 1970 la participación del área frutícola en los no transables era del 1,6%, en el 2005 ésta era del 12,6%. Las áreas plantadas en frutas en Colombia pasaron de 191.035 ha en 2003 a 225.325 ha en 2007 lo que representa un crecimiento de 17,9 %, mientras que los volúmenes de producción pasaron de 2.675.736 t a 3.279.264 t en el mismo período en 47 especies frutícolas. El Plan Frutícola Nacional - PFN, constituye una propuesta estratégica conformada por conjunto coherente de objetivos, estrategias y programas que, con base en una visión de futuro, buscan la meta inicial de duplicar el área de la producción frutícola nacional, asegurar las condiciones tecnológicas y de innovación para una producción sostenible y de calidad, agregar valor en la cadena frutícola, y lograr una vinculación plena en los mercados internacionales. Se busca que los participantes conozcan los principales desarrollos de la fruticultura Colombiana, sus retos y oportunidades para la próxima década.