Powdery mildew of ornamental species caused by Oidiopsis haplophylli in Brazil

Oidiopsis haplophylli (syn. Oidiopsis sicula) was identified as the causal agent of powdery mildew diseases occurring on five ornamental species in Brazil. This disease was observed in plastic house-grown lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum: Gentianaceae), in nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus: Tropaeolaceae) cultivated under open field conditions and in greenhouse-grown calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica: Araceae), impatiens (Impatiens balsamina: Balsaminaceae) and balloon plant (Asclepias physocarpa: Asclepiadaceae). Typical disease symptoms consisted of chlorotic areas on the upper leaf surface corresponding to a fungal colony in the abaxial surface. With the disease progression, these chlorotic areas eventually turned to necrotic (brown) lesions. Fungi morphology on all hosts was similar to that described for the imperfect stage of Leveillula taurica (O. haplophylli). The Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating symptom-free plants via leaf-to-leaf contact with fungal colonies. Additional inoculations using an isolate of O. haplophylli from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) demonstrated that it is pathogenic to all five species belonging to distinct botanical families, indicating lack of host specialization. This is the first formal report of a powdery mildew disease on lisianthus, calla lilly, impatiens and nasturtium in Brazil. It is, to our knowledge, the first report of O. haplophyllii infecting A. physocarpa, extending the host range of this atypical powdery mildew-inducing fungus. This disease might become important on these ornamental crops especially in protected cultivation and also under field conditions in hot and dry areas of Brazil.

Intoxicação experimental por Asclepias curassavica (Asclepiadaceae) em bovinos. Dados complementares

Em experimentos com bovinos, que receberam diariamente doses subletais repetidas (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg/dia durante 12 dias) até alcançar a dose letal e/ou ultrapassá-la, A. curassavica recém-coletada não demonstrou efeito acumulativo. Em um animal houve desenvolvimento de tolerância contra a dose que anteriormente causou sintomas de intoxicação (5,0 g/kg), mas não contra uma dose maior (10 g/kg). A planta dessecada continuou tóxica até 2 meses após a coleta, mas após 6 meses tinha perdido a sua toxidez. A mistura da planta fresca picada com capim fresco picado não foi ingerida pelos animais em quantidades que pudessem causar sintomas de intoxicação, em nenhuma das proporções que variaram de 1:2 a 1:6, planta : capim. A planta recentemente dessecada picada em mistura com capim fenado picado, na proporção de 1:3, só foi consumida por um de quatro bovinos em quantidades que poderiam provocar sintomas de intoxicação; mas mesmo esse bovino não chegou a adoecer.

Diagnose of the ingestion of Asclepias mellodora St. Hil. by sheep through microhistological analysis of their digestive contents

Asclepias mellodora St. Hil. is a native acute toxic species frequent in the grasslands of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina, whose toxicity had not been assessed until now. This study evaluates the minimal lethal dose of this species for sheep, and the possibility of microscopically recognizing its fragments in gastrointestinal contents as a complementary diagnostic tool in necropsies. Three Frisona sheep (average LW=55±4.5 kg) were dosed via an esophageal tube with each one of the following doses of asclepias: 8.0, 5.0, 2.0 and 0.8 g DM.kg LW-1. Sheep poisoned with the three higher doses died between 10 and 85 h after intoxication, but those receiving the lower dose did not. During necropsies we: 1) determined the dry weight of the contents of rumen+reticulum, omasum+abomasum, and large intestine, 2) estimated the percentages of asclepias fragments by microanalysis correcting for digestion effects on fragment recognition, and 3) calculated the total mass of asclepias in the digestive tract of each animal. For the three higher doses, the mass of asclepias identified in the total ingesta was 12.3±3.4% of the amount supplied, possibly because of the strong diarrhea its ingestion produced. The percentages of asclepias in rumen+reticulum did not differ from the average quantified for the entire tract. The results of this study indicate that the minimal lethal doses of asclepias for sheep is between 2.0 and 0.8g DM·kg LW-1, and that the microhistological analysis of the rumen+reticulum, the easiest region to sample, can be used to confirm the ingestion of this toxic species, although the estimated percentage will be not a good estimator of the ingested percentage.

Are there evidences of a complex mimicry system among Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae), Epidendrum fulgens (Orchidaceae), and Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in Southern Brazil?

The goal of this paper was to test the presence of mimicry in Asclepias curassavica L., Epidendrum fulgens Brong., and Lantana camara L. The study was carried out at the Parque Estadual de Itapeva, RS, southern Brazil, from 2004 to 2006. Flowering period of each of the three species was followed up; focal observations of butterflies visiting flowers, from fixed point and during random walks were carried out. We also estimated the frequency of pollinaria removal in the orchid, as well as its mode of reproduction. All these variables were important for testing the mimicry hypothesis. Despite some temporal coincidences in the flowering period of two plants in the system, there was no statistical association among the three plants as to flowering period. Twenty-nine species of butterflies, as potential pollinators, were recorded, particularly Agraulis vanillae maculosa, Dryas iulia alcionea, Urbanus simplicius, Tegosa claudina, and Heliconius erato phyllis, which were the more frequent visitors of the three plants. There was association between the number of visits to L. camara and E. fulgens, based on Pearson correlation (r = 0.4603; n = 19; P = 0.0473). Pollinaria removal of E. fulgens was low, as measured by the percentage of removal (range: 0 - 10%). The analysis of the mode of reproduction of this orchid showed its pollinator-dependence, since no fruits were formed by spontaneous self-pollination. In contrast, the percentage of fruit set that resulted from geitonogamy and xenogamy was, in average, 86%. The results here shown are not conclusive as to the occurrence of a mimicry system among the three plants.

Laticíferos articulados anastomosados em espécies de Asclepiadeae (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) e suas implicações ecológicas

Laticíferos ocorrem em todos os representantes de Apocynaceae e são considerados não articulados ramificados pela maioria dos autores; entretanto, laticíferos articulados têm sido descritos para algumas espécies da família. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a ontogênese, estrutura, distribuição e o tipo dos laticíferos em órgãos vegetativos de Fischeria stellata (Vell.) E.Fourn., Gonioanthela axillaris (Vell.) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz, Matelea denticulata (Vahl) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz e Oxypetalum banksii Schult. e reavaliar os laticíferos de Asclepias curassavica L. de mata atlântica, comparando os resultados aos de espécies de cerrado. Os laticíferos das cinco espécies são articulados anastomosados, cujas paredes transversais ou oblíquas são dissolvidas rápida e integralmente. Os laticíferos ramificam-se através de anastomose lateral e formam um sistema contínuo por todos os órgãos da planta adulta. Eles são observados em todos os tecidos primários do caule e da folha, excetuando-se a epiderme, e no tecido vascular secundário, exceto no xilema secundário de A. curassavica. A ontogênese destes laticíferos pode explicar a divergência entre os nossos dados e aqueles publicados para a grande maioria das espécies desta família. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a ontogênese, estrutura e distribuição dos laticíferos das espécies de Asclepiadeae de floresta de restinga, floresta ombrófila densa de terras baixas e cerrado são semelhantes. A continuidade do sistema laticífero articulado anastomosado permite um maior afluxo de látex ao local injuriado, pois o conteúdo das regiões interconectadas é liberado simultaneamente, coagulando e selando os ferimentos rapidamente, além de impedir a entrada de microorganismos.