Aspectos fisiológicos e clínicos da técnica fonoterapêutica de fonação reversa

A fonação reversa é a produção de voz durante a inspiração, realizada espontaneamente em situações como o suspiro. OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão da literatura, descrevendo achados relacionados à utilização da fonação reversa na prática clínica, à anatomofisiologia de sua produção e seus efeitos no trato vocal, e às indicações e contra-indicações da técnica para os distúrbios e para o aperfeiçoamento da voz. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados relatos de mudanças significativas no trato vocal durante a produção da fonação reversa, como o relaxamento dos ventrículos, o afastamento das pregas ventriculares, o aumento da freqüência fundamental, o movimento inverso da onda mucosa, além da facilitação do estudo dinâmico da laringe, quando associada à endoscopia, o que possibilita melhor definição da localização das lesões nas camadas da lâmina própria da mucosa das pregas vocais. CONCLUSÃO: Existem poucos estudos que descrevem o comportamento laríngeo durante a fonação reversa e, para que essa técnica utilizada de forma mais precisa e objetiva, acredita-se que ainda devem ser realizados estudos que visem a comprovar sua eficácia na prática clínica.

Aspectos fisiológicos da mandioca após a aplicação dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil e fomesafen

Acredita-se que alguns herbicidas possam influenciar a eficiência do uso da água, pelo efeito negativo direto sobre fotossíntese, transpiração e condutância estomática ou, indiretamente, pela redução da taxa metabólica da planta. Diante disso, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a influência dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butil e fomesafen, isolados e em mistura, sobre as características associadas ao uso da água, por cultivares de mandioca, visando a selecionar aqueles mais tolerantes aos referidos herbicidas. Realizou-se experimento, em casa de vegetação no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Adotou-se arranjo fatorial em esquema 5x7, constituído pela combinação de cinco cultivares de mandioca: Cacau-UFV, Platina, Coqueiro, Coimbra e IAC-12, com quatro doses da mistura comercial dos herbicidas fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil (0,5; 0,75; 1,0 e 1,5 L ha-1), além da dose comercial recomendada de cada princípio ativo isolado e uma testemunha sem herbicida. As características avaliadas foram: condutância estomática (gs), taxa de transpiração (E) e eficiência do uso da água (EUA). De maneira geral, a E, gs e EUA foram afetadas pela aplicação da mistura dos herbicidas. Os cultivares de mandioca apresentam diferentes níveis de sensibilidade ao fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafen, sendo que o cultivar Platina é o mais tolerante à aplicação da mistura. O fluazifop-p-butil mostrou-se seletivo para a cultura e o fomasafen causou efeitos negativos na fisiologia da mandioca.

Crescimento, índices fisiológicos e produtividade de cultivares de feijoeiro sob diferentes níveis de adubação

Conhecimentos sobre o acúmulo e a distribuição da fitomassa do feijoeiro comum, sob diferentes níveis de adubação, podem auxiliar no manejo da cultura. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento, os índices fisiológicos e a produtividade de cultivares de feijão, sob diferentes níveis de adubação NPK. O experimento foi conduzido em um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, no município de Botucatu, SP, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por seis tratamentos ('Pérola', sem adubação; 'Pérola', com 50% da adubação recomendada; 'Pérola', com 100% da adubação recomendada; 'IAC Alvorada', sem adubação; 'IAC Alvorada', com 50% da adubação recomendada e 'IAC Alvorada', com 100% da adubação recomendada) e, as subparcelas, por sete épocas de coletas no decorrer do ciclo. A adubação NPK aumentou os acúmulos de matéria seca, os componentes da produção e a produtividade de grãos dos cultivares Pérola e IAC Alvorada de forma semelhante. O cultivar IAC Alvorada apresentou maiores índices de área foliar e matéria seca de folhas, quando comparados com os de Pérola, sob adubação NPK recomendada, porém, sem esses índices refletirem-se em maior produtividade de grãos. O máximo acúmulo de matéria seca foi alcançado aos 80 DAE e a maior taxa de crescimento da cultura ocorreu aos 55 DAE, independentemente do tratamento.

Efectos de la aplicación del indicador de años de vida productivos perdidos (modelo inversión producción consumo) en el ordenamiento de las causas de muerte en México, 1990

En busca de métodos que apoyen la toma de decisiones y maximizar el beneficio al priorizar necesidades, el presente trabajo discute el modelo de inversión-producción-consumo (IPC) que intenta cuantificar el impacto socio-económico de la mortalidad. Este tipo de evaluación toma en cuenta la edad al morir y la potencial productividad futura generando así pérdidas o ganancias a la sociedad, dependiendo de la etapa de la vida en que ocurrió la muerte. Se ilustra para el caso de México el impacto de las diferentes causas de muerte y se compara con la importancia relativa a partir de el ordenamiento con tasas de mortalidad y el indicador de años de vida perdidos. El ordenamiento por tasas muestra a las enfermedades del corazón, accidentes y tumores como las primeras causas. Por otro lado el indicador de años de vida potencial perdidos tradicional muestra en primer lugar a las causas de muerte en edades menores. El indicador de años de vida produtivos perdidos, sin embargo, concede mayor importancia las infecciones, los accidentes y los homicidios desde el punto de vista de la producción y consumo.

Smoking, consumption of alcohol and sedentary life style in population grouping and their relationships with lipemic disorders

The study, part of the project "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, lipemic disorders, hypertension, obesity and diabetis mellitus in a population of the metropolitan area of the southeastern region of Brazil", had the following objectives: a) the characterization and distribution among typical human socio-economic groupings, of the prevalence of some particular habits which constitute aspects of life-style-the use of tobacco, the use of alcohol and sedentary activity; b) the establishment of the interrelation between the above-mentioned habits and some lipemic disorders. The prevalence of the habits cited behaved in the following manner: the use of tobacco predominated among men, distributed uniformly throughout the social strata; among the women the average percentage of smokers was 18,9%, a significant difference occurring among the highest socio-economic class, where the average was of 40.2%. The sedentary style of life presented high prevalence, among both men and women with exception of the women of the highest socio-economic level and of the skilled working class. The use of alcohol, as one would expect, is a habit basically practised by the men, without any statistically significant differences between classes. For the purpose of establishing associations between these risk fictors and lipemic conditions four situations were chosen, of the following characteristics: 1- total cholesterol > or = 220 mg/dl and triglycerides > or = 150 mg/dl; 2- HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dl for men and <45 mg/dl for women and triglycerides levels > or = 150 mg/dl; 3- HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dl for men and <45 mg/dl for women and triglycerides levels <150 mg/dl; 4- total cholesterol 220 mg/dl with triglycerides levels <150 mg/dl. Six models of multiple (backward) regression were established, with seven independent variables- age, sex, use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol, light physical activity, hypertension and obesity. Significant associations (P<0,05) were revealed with hypercholesterolemia, accompanied by triglyceride levels > or = 150 mg/dl, and the following independent variables: age, use of tobacco and the interactions between obesity and smoking, age and sedentary lifestyle, sex and obesity (R2=22%); the standardized B coefficient showed that the variables with the greatest weight in the forecasting of the variation in the levels of cholesterol were smoking and the interaction between obesity and smoking. The hypercholesterolemia accompanied by triglycerides levels <150 mg/dl showed a positive association between total cholesterol and sex and the interactions obesity/smoking and sex/obesity. As regards HDL cholesterol accompanied by triglyceride/ levels > or = 150 mg/dl was inversely associated with obesity and the interaction smoking/ age and directly with age (R=31%). The standardized B coeffients, indicated that the variables obesity and the interactions smoking/age possessed a weight three times greater than age alone in accounting for the variation in the serum levels of HDL cholesterol. When accompanied by triglycerides <150 mg/dl there was no association between and the independent variables and the set of them presented R equal to 22%. The sum of top, in the population stutied in this project, the component habits of life-style (smoking, alcohol consumption and sedentary activity) which constitute risk factors which determine morbidity from atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are be found distributed through all the typical social groupings of this particular form of social organization. On the other hand, the seven independent variables used in the multiple regression models for the explanation of the lipemic conditions considered presented multiple determination coefficients which varied, approximately, between 20% and 30%. Thus it is important that in the genetic epidemiology the study of the morbidities in question be emphasized.

Evaluation of alcohol outlet density and its relation with violence

OBJECTIVES: The current study set out to investigate alcohol availability in a densely populated, residential area of suburban São Paulo associated with high levels of social deprivation and violence. Gun-related deaths and a heavy concentration of alcohol outlets are notable features of the area surveyed. Given the strong evidence for a link between alcohol availability and a number of alcohol-related problems, including violent crime, measures designed to reduce accessibility have become a favored choice for alcohol prevention programs in recent years. METHODS: The interviewers were 24 residents of the area who were trained for the study. It was selected an area of nineteen streets, covering a total distance of 3.7 km. A profile of each alcohol outlet available on the area was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and seven alcohol outlets were recorded. The number of other properties in the same area was counted at 1,202. Two measures of outlet density may thus be calculated: the number of outlets per kilometer of roadway (29 outlets/km); and the proportion of all properties that sold alcohol (1 in 12). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study is compared with others which are mainly from developed countries and shown that the area studied have the highest density of alcohol outlet density ever recorded in the medical literature. The implication of this data related to the violence of the region is discussed. By generating a profile of alcohol sales and selling points, it was hoped to gain a better understanding of alcohol access issues within the sample area. Future alcohol prevention policy would be well served by such knowledge.

Alcohol drinking patterns by gender, ethnicity, and social class in Bahia, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To study patterns of alcohol consumption and prevalence of high-risk drinking. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in a sample of 2,302 adults in Salvador, Brazil. Cases of High-Risk Drinking (HRD) were defined as those subjects who referred daily or weekly binge drinking plus episodes of drunkenness and those who reported any use of alcoholic beverages but with frequent drunkenness (at least once a week). RESULTS: Fifty-six per cent of the sample acknowledged drinking alcoholic beverages. Overall consumption was significantly related with gender (male), marital status (single), migration (non-migrant), better educated (college level), and social class (upper). No significant differences were found regarding ethnicity, except for cachaça (Brazilian sugarcane liquor) and other distilled beverages. Overall 12-month prevalence of high-risk drinking was 7%, six times more prevalent among males than females (almost 13% compared to 2.4%). A positive association of HRD prevalence with education and social class was found. No overall relationship was found between ethnicity and HRD. Male gender and higher socioeconomic status were associated with increased odds of HRD. Two-way stratified analyses yielded consistent gender effects throughout all strata of independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that social and cultural elements determine local patterns of alcohol-drinking behavior. Additional research on long-term and differential effects of gender, ethnicity, and social class on alcohol use and misuse is needed in order to explain their role as sources of social health inequities.

Efectos de la descentralización en el financiamiento de la salud en México

OBJETIVO: Identificar las tendencias y los efectos de la descentralización en las políticas de financiamiento de la salud en México. MÉTODOS: La población de estudio incluyó cuatro estados seleccionados bajo criterios técnicos: diferente desarrollo socio-económico; implementación de la descentralización; base de datos sobre información económica; confiabilidad y validéz de las bases de datos; y apoyo de un equipo interdisciplinario de investigación. Las técnicas de recopilación de información se basaron en entrevistas a profundidad con personal clave y análisis de documentos y bases de datos sobre los presupuestos estatales en salud para el período 1990-2000. RESULTADOS: El modelo de análisis propuesto permitió identificar las tendencias y efectos de la descentralización sobre las principales fuentes de financiamiento en salud: Hogares, Gobiernos Federal, Estatal y Municipal. Hay evidencias de niveles de efectividad muy variada en cuanto a los cambios en las políticas de financiamiento, particularmente en lo que se refiere a las tendencias en los montos económicos por tipo de fuente de financiamiento. CONCLUSIONES: Hay estados donde los hogares, los municipios y el mismo gobierno estatal han hecho efectivo un incremento importante en el financiamiento de la salud, pero también hay Estados donde continúa la dependencia económica del nivel federal y donde Hogares, Municipios y Estados no están dispuestos ni capacitados para asumir responsabilidad económica en materia de salud.

Prevalence of alcohol abuse and associated factors in a population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence and identify associated factors among demographic, family, socioeconomic and mental health variables. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in the urban area of Campinas, southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A total of 515 subjects, aged 14 years or more were randomly selected using a stratified cluster sample. The Self-Report Questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test were used in the interview. Prevalences were calculated, and univariate and multivariate logistic analyses performed by estimating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence was 13.1% (95% CI: 8.4;19.9) in men and 4.1% (95% CI: 1.9;8.6) in women. In the final multiple logistic regression model, alcohol abuse/dependence was significantly associated with age, income, schooling, religion and illicit drug use. The adjusted odds ratios were significantly higher in following variables: income between 2,501 and 10,000 dollars (OR=10.29); income above 10,000 dollars (OR=10.20); less than 12 years of schooling (OR=13.42); no religion (OR=9.16) or religion other than Evangelical (OR=4.77); and illicit drug use during lifetime (OR=4.47). Alcohol abuse and dependence patterns were different according to age group. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significantly high prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence in this population. The knowledge of factors associated with alcohol abuse, and differences in consumption patterns should be taken into account in the development of harm reduction strategies.

Consumo precoz de tabaco y alcohol como factores modificadores del riesgo de uso de marihuana

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre consumo precoz de tabaco y alcohol y el riesgo de consumir marihuana en escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con datos del IV Estudio Nacional de Consumo de Drogas en Población Escolar, año 2001. Se analizó 54,001 escolares de ocho a 20 años de edad. Como variables predictoras se consideró el autoreporte de consumo de tabaco y alcohol, la edad de inicio de consumo de tabaco y/o alcohol, y la intensidad de uso del tabaco. Como variable resultado se utilizó el autoreporte de uso de marihuana y la edad de inicio de consumo de ésta. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó regresión de Poisson y regresión de Weibull. RESULTADOS: Los escolares presentaron alta prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana (77%, 79% y 23% respectivamente). El consumo de tabaco en presencia de consumo de alcohol fue un factor de riesgo de uso de marihuana (RP=10.4; IC 95%: 8.9;12.2). El inicio tardío de consumo de tabaco (HR=0.85; IC 95%: 0.84;0.86) y alcohol (HR=0.90; IC 95%: 0.89;0.91) resultó ser un factor protector del uso de marihuana. La probabilidad de consumo de marihuana fue mayor en quienes fumaban todos o casi todos los días en relación a quienes fumaban sólo los fines de semana (RP=3.11; IC 95%: 2.96;3.26 vs. RP=1.70; IC 95%: 1.58;1.83). CONCLUSIONES: El riesgo de consumo de marihuana se asoció significativamente con la edad de inicio de consumo de tabaco, la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco y el consumo simultáneo de alcohol. Las estrategias de prevención deberían orientarse a evitar el consumo precoz de tabaco en escolares.

Young people's blood alcohol concentration and the alcohol consumption city law, Brazil

The paper assesses blood alcohol concentration and risk behaviors for traffic accidents before and after the implementation of a law which prohibits the use of alcoholic beverages on city gas stations. In Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, young people go out at night and drive to gas station convenience stores to buy alcoholic beverages which are consumed on the premises of parking lots in gas stations. Data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires and breath analyzers in two cross-sectional collections with purposive samples of youngsters in May and July 2006 (n=62, and n=50, respectively). There were no significant differences between the groups before and after the city law was passed. Blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.06% was found in 35.5% of pre-law group and 40% of post-law group (p=0.62). Results point out heavy alcohol use in both groups, which did not change after the law was passed.

Prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To analyze alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian adolescents and identify higher-risk subgroups. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were performed using four databases (LILACS, MEDLINE /PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), specialized websites and the references cited in retrieved articles. The search was done in English and Portuguese and there was no limit on the year of publication (up to June 2011). From the search, 59 studies met all the inclusion criteria: to involve Brazilian adolescents aged 10-19 years; to assess the prevalence of alcohol and/or tobacco use; to use questionnaires or structured interviews to measure the variables of interest; and to be a school or population-based study that used methodological procedures to ensure representativeness of the target population (i.e. random sampling). RESULTS: The prevalence of current alcohol use (at the time of the investigation or in the previous month) ranged from 23.0% to 67.7%. The mean prevalence was 34.9% (reflecting the central trend of the estimates found in the studies). The prevalence of current tobacco use ranged from 2.4% to 22.0%, and the mean prevalence was 9.3%. A large proportion of the studies estimated prevalences of frequent alcohol use (66.7%) and heavy alcohol use (36.8%) of more than 10%. However, most studies found prevalences of frequent and heavy tobacco use of less than 10%. The Brazilian literature has highlighted that environmental factors (religiosity, working conditions, and substance use among family and friends) and psychosocial factors (such as conflicts with parents and feelings of negativeness and loneliness) are associated with the tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that consumption of alcohol and tobacco among adolescents has reached alarming prevalences in various localities in Brazil. Since unhealthy behavior tends to continue from adolescence into adulthood, public policies aimed towards reducing alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilians over the medium and long terms may direct young people and the subgroups at higher risk towards such behavior.

Trends in alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian students: 1989 to 2010

OBJECTIVE To analyze temporal trends of the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among Brazilian students. METHODS We analyzed data published between 1989 and 2010 from five epidemiological surveys on students from the 6th to the 12th grade of public schools from the ten largest state capitals of Brazil. The total sample consisted of 104,104 students and data were collected in classrooms. The same collection tool &#8211; a World Health Organization self-reporting questionnaire &#8211; and sampling and weighting procedures were used in the five surveys. The Chi-square test for trend was used to compare the prevalence from different years. RESULTS The prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use varied among the years and cities studied. Alcohol consumption decreased in the 10 state capitals (p < 0.001) throughout 21 years. Tobacco use also decreased significantly in eight cities (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of alcohol use was found in the Southeast region in 1993 (72.8%, in Belo Horizonte) and the lowest one in Belem (30.6%) in 2010. The highest past-year prevalence of tobacco use was found in the South region in 1997 (28.0%, in Curitiba) and the lowest one in the Southeast in 2010 (7.8%, in Sao Paulo). CONCLUSIONS The decreasing trend in the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use among students detected all over the Country can be related to the successful and comprehensive Brazilian antitobacco and antialcohol policies. Despite these results, the past-year prevalence of alcohol consumption in the past year remained high in all Brazilian regions.

ERICA: patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the patterns of alcohol consumption in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We investigated adolescents who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This is a cross-sectional, national and school-based study, which surveyed adolescents of 1,247 schools from 124 Brazilian municipalities. Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with a section on alcoholic beverages consumption. Measures of relative frequency (prevalence), and their 95% confidence intervals, were estimated for the following variables: use of alcohol beverages in the last 30 days, frequency of use, number of glasses or doses consumed in the period, age of the first use of alcohol, and most consumed type of drink. Data were estimated for country and macro-region, sex, and age group. The module survey of the Stata program was used for data analysis of complex sample. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents, who accounted for 72.9% of eligible students. About 1/5 of adolescents consumed alcohol at least once in the last 30 days and about 2/3 in one or two occasions during this period. Among the adolescents who consumed alcoholic beverages, 24.1% drank it for the first time before being 12 years old, and the most common type of alcoholic beverages consumed by them were drinks based on vodka, rum or tequila, and beer. CONCLUSIONS There is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents, as well as their early onset of alcohol use. We also identified a possible change in the preferred type of alcoholic beverages compared with previous research.

Polyvinyl alcohol-glutaraldehyde as solid-phase in Elisa for Schistosomiasis

Soluble adult Schistosoma mansoni antigen preparation (SWAP) was covalently fixed onto polyvinyl alcohol-glutaraldehyde discs and an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was set up. The best conditions for the assay were established and it was found that small amount of antigen such as 1.5 µg was required. A comparison between this procedure and the conventional ELISA was proceeded. A reliable method of antigen immobilization was achieved and the low prices of the employed reagents are economically attractive