USE OF A LOW-COST TEMPLATE-FREE ZSM-5 FOR ATMOSPHERIC PETROLEUM RESIDUE PYROLYSIS

To understand the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity during the pyrolysis of atmospheric petroleum residue, a template-free ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized using a direct method without additional seeds or an organic structure director and compared with conventionally synthesized ZSM-5. The crystallinities of the two zeolites were evaluated by XRD and FTIR and were quite similar; however, structural analyses using SEM and argon physisorption revealed that the zeolites diverged in particle diameter and in the external surface area of the micropores. The synthesis procedure without a template incorporated additional aluminum into the crystalline network, according to ICP-AES and TPD NH3 experiments. The catalytic pyrolysis performed over the template-free ZSM-5 generated results comparable to those for pyrolysis performed over the conventional ZSM-5 according to its hydrocarbon distribution. The selectivity to aromatics compounds was exactly the same for both ZSM-5 zeolites, and these values stand out compared to thermal pyrolysis. The template-free ZSM-5 produced 20% of light hydrocarbons (C4-C6), where such compounds are olefins and paraffins of great interest to the petrochemical industry. Therefore, template-free ZSM-5 is promising for industrial use due to its lowered synthesis time, low-cost and significant distribution to light hydrocarbons.

The Brazilian Business World: the difficult adaptation to globalization

The article deals with the internationalization of Brazilian businesses in the current decade. In the 1990s, Brazil embraced economic neoliberalism and promoted a huge opening up of its economy. At that time, Brazilian companies had to adapt rapidly. Twenty years later, the country has reinforced its presence in Latin America and has ensured a better position in the global markets, especially by through agricultural exports.

Países em desenvolvimento em uma ordem internacional em transformação: coalizões e soluções de disputas na OMC

Este artigo analisa a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento (PEDs) no âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), bem como o impacto dessa atuação na dinâmica da organização. A análise é articulada a partir de dois aspectos: as coalizões envolvendo PEDs e a participação desses países no Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias (OSC). Os autores concluem que o recurso a mecanismos institucionais constitui a principal estratégia dos PEDs para aumentar sua capacidade relativamente aos países desenvolvidos (PDs). Nesse sentido, os PEDs têm atuado dentro da estrutura de comércio existente, buscando adaptá-la a seus interesses. Esses países lograram criar e manter coalizões na OMC, apesar de sua diversidade econômica e política. Quanto à sua participação no OSC, ainda que o número de painéis abertos por PEDs tenha aumentado, essas disputas ainda concentram-se em um número pequeno de PEDs - principalmente Brasil e Índia.

Muddle or march: China and the 21st century Concert of Powers

Concert of Powers has emerged as an attractive modality in global governance. As an emerging power, China must seriously take this template into account. This article seeks to analyze the incentives, possibilities, and uncertainties for China to participate in Concert with reference to China's history memory on Concert, China's intellectual endeavors, as well as China's evolving foreign preferences. It concludes that China is generally qualified and capable of being a key participant in Concert of Powers with increasing willingness. Yet, China's involvement depends on 1) if Concert template can overcome its own deficiencies; 2) if Concert have competitive advantages compared with other governance alternatives for China; and 3) if China can keep its momentum on both willingness and capacity in power transition.

Substratos alternativos e métodos de quebra de dormência para produção de mudas de canafístula

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes métodos de quebra de dormência e o uso do bagaço de cana para composição de substratos alternativos, constituídos a partir da mistura de um substrato comercial, na produção de mudas de canafístula (Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo cinco substratos, Bioplant®; 75% Bioplant® + 25% Bagaço de cana (75B+25BC); 50% Bioplant® + 50% Bagaço de cana (50B+50BC); 25% Bioplant® + 75% Bagaço de cana (25B+75BC); Bagaço de cana (100%), e quatro métodos de quebra de dormência (testemunha, escarificação com o uso de lixa, imersão em água quente e escarificação com ácido sulfúrico) com três repetições. Foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE); o tempo médio de emergência (TME); a percentagem de germinação; a altura da parte aérea; o diâmetro do coleto; a massa seca da parte aérea; a massa seca de raiz; a massa seca total; a relação altura da parte aérea/diâmetro do coleto; a relação altura da parte aérea/massa seca da parte aérea; o índice de qualidade de Dickson; a taxa de crescimento absoluto e a taxa de crescimento relativo. Os tratamentos de imersão em água quente e de escarificação com ácido sulfúrico foram responsáveis pelos maiores percentuais de emergência e IVE, além dos de menor TME. O uso do bagaço de cana mostrou-se tecnicamente viável na composição dos substratos 75B+25BC e 50B+50BC, que, juntamente ao Bioplant®, proporcionaram as maiores taxas de crescimento e os maiores índices de qualidade das mudas de canafístula.

Developing management systems for emerging countries

Application of Western management theories in different contexts has been questioned for several decades. However, there is still no well-defined theoretical framework for understanding management systems in non-industrialized countries. This article provides some guidelines to develop these frameworks by elaborating some of the major characteristics of strategies, structures, decision-makings and management systems in Developing Countries (DC). The analysis showed evidence that the complexity of national environmental forces of DCs has made the application of Western management theories more problematic in these countries. The article concludes that global business firms should realize that it is time to stop transferring these management systems to DCs and trying to adapt their organizations to these systems and that a clinical type of approach may be more effective.

Gestão da cadeia de suprimento do setor público: uma alternativa para controle de gastos correntes no Brasil

Todos os governos estão sendo submetidos a restrições orçamentárias, a fazer mais com menos e a sociedade está exigindo mais transparência, justiça e equidade nos contratos públicos. A tecnologia está cada vez mais presente, ofertando maior gama de produtos com preocupação ambiental. Todo esforço governamental para melhoria da qualidade dos gastos correntes com bens e serviços utilizados no setor público deve passar pela modernização da gestão da cadeia de suprimento. Na maioria dos casos, este esforço resume-se à parte do processo, como os sistemas de compras. Está demonstrado que existe enorme potencial de modernização em outras fases do processo logístico, como a gestão de estoques, engenharia de padronização e especificação de bens e serviços, gestão de contratos e gestão de fornecedores. Isso é relevante na administração pública, pois os gastos com compras de bens de serviços podem representar até 36% dos orçamentos das unidades governamentais. Assim, cabe ao poder público desenvolver técnicas ou adaptá-las da iniciativa privada e incorporá-las à gestão pública para aumento da eficiência e eficácia destes gastos. As pesquisas no Brasil nesta área da gestão pública são deficientes e requerem esforço dos pesquisadores para dirimir dúvidas ainda persistentes, como as razões do baixo uso do comércio eletrônico, dificuldades de fornecedores participarem mais intensivamente no processo e técnicas de gestão da cadeia de suprimento adaptadas ao setor público. A nossa pesquisa identificou que a gestão de gastos públicos no Brasil deve ser tratada em todas as fases da cadeia de suprimento de bens e serviços, como uso intensivo do governo eletrônico, ou seja, desde o levantamento das necessidades até a utilização final, com sistemas integrados. A grande maioria de unidades de governo do Brasil não está utilizando técnicas adequadas no planejamento de necessidades de materiais e serviços alinhados com o plano estratégico, desenvolvimento de fornecedores, processo virtual, gestão de estoques, gestão estratégica, gestão de custos relevantes e outros importantes, dentro de uma visão integradora, tanto interna como externa, para minimizar custos operacionais das transações, alcance de metas de redução dos gastos, melhoria da capacidade de investimento e maximização dos serviços essenciais para a população.

An appraisal of the health planning method proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization for Latin America

A brief description of the main features of the health planning technique developed by the "Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo" (CENDES) in Venezuela, and proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization for use in Latin America, is presented. This presentation is followed by an appraisal of the planning method which includes comments both upon its positive aspects and upon its negative points. Comments are also made referring to other recent publications of the WHO/PAHO on health planning. In conclusion, the CENDES technique is considered a health planning method of great potential for use especially in underdeveloped areas, the success of its application depending upon the hability of the health planners to introduce the necessary modifications to adapt to the local circunstamces.

Worldwide molecular epidemiology of HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the worldwide disseminated causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a member of the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family and is grouped in two types named HIV-1 and HIV-2. These viruses have a notable ability to mutate and adapt to the new conditions of human environment. A large incidence of errors at the transcriptional level results in changes on the genetic bases during the reproductive cycle. The elevated genomic variability of HIV has carried important implications for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as epidemiologic investigations. The present review describes important definitions and geographical distribution of subtypes, circulating recombinant forms and other genomic variations of HIV. The present study aimed at leading students of Biomedical Sciences and public health laboratory staff guidance to general and specific knowledge about the genomic variability of the HIV.

Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of Brazilian Need for Recovery Scale

OBJECTIVE: To translate the Need for Recovery Scale (NFR) into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt it and assess the stability, internal consistency and convergent validity of the Brazilian scale among industrial workers. METHODS: The translation process followed the guidelines for cultural adaptation of questionnaires including the steps of translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing. The Brazilian Portuguese NFR, final version (Br-NFR) was assessed for stability (n=52) and internal consistency (n=192) and for convergent validity through simultaneous assessment with other instruments: the Borg Scale (n=59); the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (n=57) and 3 subscales of the SF-36 (n=56). RESULTS: Stability and internal consistency met the criterion for a reliable measure (ICC=0.80 and Cronbach's alpha =0.87, respectively). The convergent validity between Br-NFR and other instruments also showed good results: Borg Scale (r= 0.64); Chalder Questionnaire (r= 0.67); SF-36 subscales: vitality (r= -0.84), physical functioning (r= -0.54), and role-physical (r= -0.47). CONCLUSIONS: The Br-NFR proved to be a reliable instrument to evaluate work-related fatigue symptoms in industrial workers. Furthermore, it showed significant and good correlations with well-established instruments such as the Borg Scale, the Chalder Questionnaire and SF-36 vitality subscale, supporting the validity of the Br-NFR.

Validation of psychosocial scales for physical activity in university students

OBJECTIVE Translate the Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise questionnaire, adapt it cross-culturally and identify the psychometric properties of the psychosocial scales for physical activity in young university students.METHODS The Patient-centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise questionnaire is made up of 39 items divided into constructs based on the social cognitive theory and the transtheoretical model. The analyzed constructs were, as follows: behavior change strategy (15 items), decision-making process (10), self-efficacy (6), support from family (4), and support from friends (4). The validation procedures were conceptual, semantic, operational, and functional equivalences, in addition to the equivalence of the items and of measurements. The conceptual, of items and semantic equivalences were performed by a specialized committee. During measurement equivalence, the instrument was applied to 717 university students. Exploratory factor analysis was used to verify the loading of each item, explained variance and internal consistency of the constructs. Reproducibility was measured by means of intraclass correlation coefficient.RESULTS The two translations were equivalent and back-translation was similar to the original version, with few adaptations. The layout, presentation order of the constructs and items from the original version were kept in the same form as the original instrument. The sample size was adequate and was evaluated by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, with values between 0.72 and 0.91. The correlation matrix of the items presented r < 0.8 (p < 0.05). The factor loadings of the items from all the constructs were satisfactory (> 0.40), varying between 0.43 and 0.80, which explained between 45.4% and 59.0% of the variance. Internal consistency was satisfactory (α ≥ 0.70), with support from friends being 0.70 and 0.92 for self-efficacy. Most items (74.3%) presented values above 0.70 for the reproducibility test.CONCLUSIONS The validation process steps were considered satisfactory and adequate for applying to the population.

A simple PCR-based procedure for plaque diagnosis

Supernatant of boiled spleen saline-suspensions of Yersinia pestis experimentally infected animals were used as template for PCR amplification without DNA extraction. PCR sensitivity was enhanced by a second round of amplification (Nested). No amplification was observed from non-infected animals.

Diagnosis of plague and identification of virulence markers in Yersinia pestis by multiplex-PCR

We have developed a procedure for the rapid diagnosis of plague that also allows the identification of prominent virulence markers of Y. pestis strains. This procedure is based upon the use of a single polymerase chain reaction with multiple pairs of primers directed at genes present in the three virulence plasmids as well as in the chromosomal pathogenicity island of the bacterium. The technique allowed the discrimination of strains which lacked one or more of the known pathogenic loci, using as template total DNA obtained from bacterial cultures and from simulated blood cultures containing diluted concentration of bacteria. It also proved effective in confirming the disease in a blood culture from a plague suspected patient. As the results are obtained in a few hours this technique will be useful in the methodology of the Plague Control Program.

Optimization of random amplified polymorphic DNA techniques for use in genetic studies of Cuban triatominae

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is a simple and reliable method to detect DNA polymorphism. Several factors can affect the amplification profiles, thereby causing false bands and non-reproducibility of assay. In this study, we analyzed the effect of changing the concentration of primer, magnesium chloride, template DNA and Taq DNA polymerase with the objective of determining their optimum concentration for the standardization of RAPD technique for genetic studies of Cuban Triatominae. Reproducible amplification patterns were obtained using 5 pmoL of primer, 2.5 mM of MgCl2, 25 ng of template DNA and 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase in 25 µL of the reaction. A panel of five random primers was used to evaluate the genetic variability of T. flavida. Three of these (OPA-1, OPA-2 and OPA-4) generated reproducible and distinguishable fingerprinting patterns of Triatominae. Numerical analysis of 52 RAPD amplified bands generated for all five primers was carried out with unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA). Jaccard's Similarity Coefficient data were used to construct a dendrogram. Two groups could be distinguished by RAPD data and these groups coincided with geographic origin, i.e. the populations captured in areas from east and west of Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. T. flavida present low interpopulation variability that could result in greater susceptibility to pesticides in control programs. The RAPD protocol and the selected primers are useful for molecular characterization of Cuban Triatominae.

Refractive index matching applied to fecal smear clearing

Thick smears of human feces can be made adequate for identification of helminth eggs by means of refractive index matching. Although this effect can be obtained by simply spreading a fleck of feces on a microscope slide, a glycerol solution has been routinely used to this end. Aiming at practicability, a new quantitative technique has been developed. To enhance both sharpness and contrast of the images, a sucrose solution (refractive index = 1.49) is used, which reduces the effect of light-scattering particulates. To each slide a template-measured (38.5 mm³) fecal sample is transferred. Thus, egg counts and sensitivity evaluations are easily made.