Factors associated with arterial stiffness in children aged 9-10 years

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with stiffness of the great arteries in prepubertal children.METHODS This study with convenience sample of 231 schoolchildren aged 9-10 years enrolled in public and private schools in Vitória, ES, Southeastern Brazil, in 2010-2011. Anthropometric and hemodynamic data, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity in the carotid-femoral segment were obtained. Data on current and previous health conditions were obtained by questionnaire and notes on the child’s health card. Multiple linear regression was applied to identify the partial and total contribution of the factors in determining the pulse wave velocity values.RESULTS Among the students, 50.2% were female and 55.4% were 10 years old. Among those classified in the last tertile of pulse wave velocity, 60.0% were overweight, with higher mean blood pressure, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Birth weight was not associated with pulse wave velocity. After multiple linear regression analysis, body mass index (BMI) and diastolic blood pressure remained in the model.CONCLUSIONS BMI was the most important factor in determining arterial stiffness in children aged 9-10 years.

Sulfato de amônio e uréia em cobertura no milho em semeadura direta no Cerrado

A aplicação de nitrogênio no milho de forma antecipada, tanto na semeadura da planta de cobertura como em pré-semeadura pode otimizar os trabalhos dentro da propriedade. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência nas concentrações foliares e produtividade de grãos do milho do parcelamento do nitrogênio suplementar à semeadura em área de dois anos de soja, em solo de textura média e quantificar a recuperação do nitrogênio do sulfato de amônio e da úreia, utilizando a técnica da diluição isotópica (15N). Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 110 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio em épocas distintas: na semeadura do milheto -5 dias antes da semeadura do milho -em cobertura, quando as plantas tinham 5-7 folhas; -e em cobertura quando as plantas tinham 9-10 folhas. Há diferença de produtividade de grãos e concentrações foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio e enxofre quando se aplica nitrogênio suplementar à semeadura em diferentes épocas em relação a ausência de fertilização. O parcelamento de 110 kg ha-1 entre pré-semeadura e cobertura ou apenas na cobertura não altera a recuperação total do fertilizante. A recuperação do nitrogênio do sulfato de amônio aplicado em cobertura é maior quando comparada à uréia, sendo ainda que o parcelamento de sulfato de amônio em cobertura apresenta maior recuperação em relação ao fornecimento em uma única aplicação.

Qualidade dos frutos de genótipos de tomateiro do banco de germoplasma de hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa

Foi avaliada a qualidade dos frutos de 29 acessos de tomateiro do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças (BGH-UFV) e de três cultivares comerciais, Santa Clara, Débora Plus e Fanny. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH e relação SS/AT. Foi observada, para os acessos, variação significativa das características avaliadas, com exceção do pH. Os acessos BGH700, BGH2000, BGH2008, BGH2013, BGH2014 e BGH2017 destacaram-se no que se refere ao teor de SS, tendo estes sido superiores em 4,2 ºBrix aos dos cultivares comerciais. Com relação à acidez titulável, os acessos BGH2013, BGH2019, BGH2020 e BGH2033 apresentaram os maiores valores, com acidez acima de 0,57%. Os cultivares comerciais foram alocados no grupo de menor acidez, com valores inferiores a 0,46%. Para a relação SS/AT, destacaram-se os acessos BGH700, BGH2000, BGH2008 e o cultivar comercial Débora Plus com valores de 11,1; 11,9; 10,9; e 10,0, respectivamente.

Resolução de equações booleanas: aplicação a um problema de decisão empresarial qualitativa

Este trabalho é uma atualização do artigo publicado pelo autor na RAE em 1974 e tem por finalidade: a) definir o Problema da Decisão Qualitativa (PDQ); b) mostrar como certos tipos de problemas lógicos podem ser formulados como PDQs; c) apresentar um método de resolução do PDQ, o qual utiliza resolução de equações booleanas; d) apresentar um processo original de resolução destas equações, o Algoritmo RQ, facilmente programável em computadores. Os resultados apresentados são produto de trabalhos desenvolvidos no antigo Departamento de Engenharia de Eletricidade da EPUSP, os quais deram origem a diversas publicações, entre elas 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,20,23, 24, 25, 28,29 (veja bibliografia no final do artigo). Partes deste artigo são adaptações de trechos de livro do mesmo autor(11), onde se encontram os fundamentos teóricos, aplicações, sugestões para novos desenvolvimentos e listagens para microcomputador do SDB/3, um sistema de auxílio à tomada de decisões que resolve o PDQ.

Níveis de imunidade contra a poliomielite em uma amostra de escolares do município de São Paulo, Brasil

A prevalência dos anticorpos protetores contra os três tipos de poliovírus e os níveis de imunidade para os grupos etários de 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 e 15 e mais anos de idade foram determinados, por meio de um inquérito soro-epidemiológico, na população escolar do 19 grau da rede da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo. O estudo se baseou numa amostra representativa desta população infantil - exames de 1.489 crianças - e os níveis de imunidade foram determinados em 13 Regionais Administrativas da Prefeitura, bem como nas três zonas geográficas da capital consideradas - "Centro", "Intermediária" e "Periférica". Os resultados mostraram que apenas cerca da metade das crianças apresentaram anticorpos contra todos os três tipos de poliovírus nos diferentes grupos etários examinados, exceto no grupo de 13 anos, em que a percentagem de triplo-imunes alcançou 68,0%. Conseqüentemente, o estado imunitário da população ainda não alcança os níveis desejáveis de 75% de triplo-imunes e a principal causa desta situação foi a prevalência relativamente baixa dos anticorpos contra o poliovírus do tipo 3, em quase todos os grupos etários examinados. O estudo mostrou também que o estado imunitário da população escolar é semelhante nas três zonas geográficas da capital, havendo, entretanto, diferenças consideráveis nas 13 Regionais Administrativas da Prefeitura, onde as percentagens de crianças triplo-imunes variaram de 38,6% a 66,9%. Doses de reforço de vacina oral são recomendadas às crianças em idade escolar.

Capacidade materna de cuidar e desnutrição infantil

OBJETIVOS: Identificar e medir a magnitude do risco de desnutrição associada a fatores determinantes da capacidade materna de cuidado infantil: estrutura familiar, escolaridade, trabalho, saúde física e saúde mental maternas. MÉTODOS: Delineou-se um estudo de casos e controles. Foram selecionados 101 casos (crianças com peso/idade abaixo do percentil 5) e 200 controles (crianças com peso/idade acima do percentil 25) mediante inquéritos antropométricos realizados durante três "Dias Nacionais de Vacinação", em 1996 e 1997. Os dados foram obtidos em entrevistas realizadas nos domicílios com as mães das crianças. Para detectar o efeito-líquido de cada fator em estudo, realizou-se análise de regressão logística multivariada e hierarquizada. Tais fatores e as possíveis variáveis de controle foram agrupados em blocos, ordenados segundo a precedência com que influiriam sobre o estado nutricional infantil. Adotaram-se p<0,20 para seleção das variáveis de controle (mediante análise univariada) e p<0,05 para identificação de associação estatisticamente significativa entre fatores de estudo e desnutrição infantil. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados como fatores de risco de desnutrição: (a) estrutura familiar adversa indicada pela ausência de companheiro ("odds ratio" [OR] = 2,2; IC95%, 1,1-4,5); (b) internação materna durante a gravidez (OR=3,5; IC95%, 1,6-7,7); (c) precária saúde mental materna expressa pela presença de três a quatro sintomas de depressão (OR=3,1; IC95%, 0,9-10,3); (d) fatores de estresse familiar, no caso, indícios de alcoolismo em pelo menos um membro da família (OR=2,1; IC95%, 1,2-3,9). A idade da criança no início/retorno da mãe ao trabalho também se associou de modo independente à presença de desnutrição, porém os efeitos variaram: retorno precoce (criança com menos de quatro meses) não significou risco ou proteção; volta da mãe ao trabalho quando a criança tinha entre quatro meses e 12 meses constituiu fator de proteção. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se que fatores potencialmente definidores da capacidade materna de cuidado exercem efeito independente sobre o estado nutricional infantil.

Infant mortality: comparison between two birth cohorts from Southeast and Northeast, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

Modificações nos padrões de consumo de psicofármacos em localidade do Sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e padrão de consumo de psicofármacos pela população e comparar esses resultados com outro estudo de 1994. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com 3.542 indivíduos de 15 anos ou mais, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas em 2003. Os dados referentes ao consumo de duas semanas foram coletados em entrevistas domiciliares, utilizando um questionário idêntico ao utilizado em 1994. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, cor da pele, situação conjugal, renda familiar, escolaridade, tabagismo, diagnóstico médico de hipertensão e consulta médica nos últimos três meses. Na análise bivariada, utilizou-se teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e de tendência linear. A análise multivariada foi composta por quatro níveis. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de consumo de psicofármacos foi de 9,9% (IC 95%: 8,9-10,9). Ao comparar as prevalências padronizadas por idade, não houve diferença significativa em relação à prevalência observada em 1994. O maior consumo de psicofármacos associou-se significativamente a: ser do sexo feminino, o aumento da idade, o diagnóstico médico de hipertensão e a utilização de serviços médicos. Dos entrevistados, 74% dos usuários estavam utilizando psicofármacos há mais de três meses. CONCLUSÕES: Após uma década, a prevalência permanece alta, porém o consumo de psicofármacos não aumentou. Os achados sugerem a importância da indicação adequada dos psicofármacos e do acompanhamento médico regular desses usuários, dada a associação encontrada entre as consultas e o consumo.

EXPERIENCE IN THE EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY AT A TEACHING AMBULATORY, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Objectives: Describe cases of children with hepatosplenomegaly (HS) attended at the General Pediatric Teaching Ambulatory (AGER) of Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, identifying the main causes, evolution, necessity for hospitalization and/or referral to specialists. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of the records of children presenting HS on admission at AGER from September 1, 1993 to August 31, 1996. Results: Of the 89 children included (age range, 1 to 148 months; median, 24 months), 64 (72%) were referred from other services for HS investigation. Most common presenting complaints were: fever - 39 (44%); pallor - 26 (29%); weight loss - 21 (24%) and jaundice - 14 (16%). Main alterations noticed on physical examination were: pallor - 47 (53%) and short stature - 17 (19%). Anemia was diagnosed in 70 children (79%); 35 children (39%) had infections; 7 (8%) metabolic disorders and 5 (6%) neoplastic disorders. The most frequent infections were of the urinary tract - 9 (10%) and hepatitis A - 6 (7%).Thirty six children (40%) were referred to specialists, 17 of which were already diagnosed. Conclusions: Most of the children with HS present deficiency anemia associated with infections which the general pediatrician is able to diagnose. Persistence of unexplained HS for more than 2 months, especially when there is substantial volume enlargement or alteration in the organs consistency, is an indication for referral to specialists.

Outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) in Iporanga, São Paulo State, Brazil

From June to July 1999 an outbreak of acute respiratory illness occurred in the town of Iporanga. Out of a total of 4,837 inhabitants, 324 cases were notified to the Regional Surveillance Service. Influenza virus was isolated from 57.1% of the collected samples and 100% seroconversion to influenza A (H1N1) was obtained in 20 paired sera tested. The isolates were related to the A/Bayern/07/95 strain (H1N1). The percentages of cases notified during the outbreak were 28.4%, 29.0%, 20.7%, 6.2% and 15.7% in the age groups of 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and older than 20 years, respectively. The highest proportion of positives was observed among children younger than 14 years and no cases were notified in people older than 65 years, none of whom had been recently vaccinated against influenza. These findings suggest a significant vaccine protection against A/Bayern/7/95, the H1 component included in the 1997-98 influenza vaccine for elderly people. This viral strain is antigenically and genetically related to A/Beijing/262/95, the H1 component of the 1999 vaccine. Vaccines containing A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1) stimulated post-immunization hemagglutination inhibition antibodies equivalent in frequency and titre to both A/Beijing/262/95-like and A/Bayern/7/95-like viruses. Thus, this investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza virus in the elderly.

A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites most commonly found in immunocompromised patients. A group of 111 individuals with acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromised conditions (principally haematological disorders) was selected. A battery of tests was performed on each individual to identify the presence of parasites (three stool specimens with saline solution and Lugol both directly and by concentration, culture and special staining). No significant differences were found among the frequencies of the different parasites with the several types of immunocompromised conditions. The overall frequencies of potentially pathogenic and opportunistic parasites were 32.4% (36/111) and 9% (10/111) respectively, the most frequently encountered among the latter being Cryptosporidium sp., Microsporidia spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis.

Preliminary antigenic characterisation of an adult worm vomit preparation of Fasciola hepatica by infected human sera

Fascioliasis is an emerging/re-emerging vector-borne disease with the widest known distribution. Approximately 17 million people are infected around the world, being the Andean region the most affected area. There is an important necessity to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic tools to treat patients early and to avoid complications. In this paper we evaluated the immune response of infected humans against two antigenic preparations: the total soluble extract (FhTSE) and the adult worm vomit (FhAWV) in order to identify antigenic fractions specific for Fasciola hepatica. Both preparations were processed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with human sera with fascioliasis (F), other parasitosis and healthy individuals. In the immunoblot of FhTSE, sera F recognised 16 bands with MW between eight and 110 kDa, from which those of 8, 9, 10, 38, 45 and 57 kDa were specific. In the preparation FhAWV, sera F recognised nine bands with MW from eight to 85 kDa, from which those of 8, 12, 15 and 24 kDa were specific. Some bands of cross-reaction were evident with sera from patients with other parasitoses, more frequent with the FhTSE. Bands within the MW mentioned, particularly that of eight kDa, have been shown to be specific by others, and deserve additional characterisation for their potential use in immunodiagnosis.

Preliminary report of HIV and Toxoplasma gondii occurrence in pregnant women from Mozambique

Toxoplasmosis, a protozoan disease, causes severe disease in fetuses during pregnancy and deadly encephalitis in HIV patients. There are several studies on its seroprevalence around the world, but studies focusing on African countries are limited in number and mostly anecdotal. We studied two groups of samples from Mozambique by ELISA, using serum samples from 150 pregnant women and six Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from AIDS patients with encephalitis. HIV status was confirmed, and CD4 blood counts were obtained from HIV-positive pregnant women. IgG seroprevalence of the group as a whole was 18.7% (28/150), with a higher prevalence in HIV-positive individuals compared to those who were HIV-negative (31.3%, [18/58] vs. 10.9%, [10/92]) patients. These data may be biased due to cumulative effects of exposition affecting disease prevalence. If corrected, this data may indicate an interaction of HIV and T. gondii. Prevalence of both diseases increases with age, but this is more clearly seen for toxoplasmosis (p < 0.005) than HIV infection, possibly explained by higher transmission of HIV after childhood. In HIV patients suffering from encephalitis, CSF serology showed that 33% of specific IgG CSF had a high avidity, which was in accordance with the data from the group of pregnant women. Lower prevalence rates of both infections in older groups could be explained by more deaths in the infected groups, resulting in an artificially lower prevalence. Using CD4 counts as a marker of time of HIV infection, and correcting for age, patients with contact with T. gondii had fewer CD4 cells, suggesting prolonged HIV disease or other causes. Toxoplasma IgG prevalence is higher in HIV+ groups, which could be ascribed to HIV- and T. gondii-associated risk factors, such as exposure to higher and more diverse social contacts. The low incidence of Toxoplasma IgG in younger age groups shows that transmission could be related to better access to cyst-containing meat in adulthood, as environmental transmission due to oocysts is usually blamed for higher incidence in children. Taken together, these data support the urgent need of research in toxoplasmosis in Africa, especially in the presence of HIV epidemics.

Sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction for detection of known aliquots of Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood of mice: an in vitro study

To evaluate the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reveal known number of trypomastigote in the blood of mice, three separate experiments were done. First: To eight samples of 500mul of normal mice blood, one aliquot of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 50 trypomastigotes respectively, were added. Second and third: 10 aliquots with 1 and 10 with 2 trypomastigotes were added to samples of 500mul of normal mice blood. Positive control: 500mul of blood containing 100,000 trypomastigotes. For kDNA minicircles amplification by PCR the primers:S35 and S36 were used. PCR revealed products of 330 b.p in the positive controls. When only one sample with the aliquots of 1 or 2 trypomastigotes was examined, results were negative; results were positive with aliquots of 3 to 50 trypomastigotes. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, 9/10 aliquots with one parasite and 9/10 with 2 trypomastigotes were positive revealing a high sensitivity of this reaction. In conclusion, the presence of one single parasite in 500mul of blood, is enough for a positive PCR. This method could be used as a complement to the various parasitological cure tests in treated mice, when low volumes of blood are individually examined.

Mother-child transmission of Chagas disease: could coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus increase the risk?

A study was conducted on all newborns from mothers with Chagas disease who were attended at Hospital Donación F. Santojanni between January 1, 2001, and August 31, 2007. Each child was investigated for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia through direct examination of blood under the microscope using the buffy coat method on three occasions during the first six months of life. Serological tests were then performed. Ninety-four children born to mothers infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were attended over the study period. Three of these children were born to mothers coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Vertical transmission of Chagas disease was diagnosed in 13 children, in all cases by identifying parasitemia. The overall Chagas disease transmission rate was 13.8% (13/94). It was 100% (3/3) among the children born to mothers with HIV infection and 10.9% (10/91) among children born to mothers without HIV [Difference = 0.89; CI95 = 0.82-0.95; p = 0.0021]. We concluded that coinfection with HIV could increase the risk of vertical transmission of Chagas disease.