Intra-familial physical violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican and Egyptian youth and to describe its associated risk factors. METHODS: Data from questionnaires applied to 12,862 Mexican and 5,662 Egyptian youth, aged 10 to 19, who attended public schools were analyzed. Biviarate and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between socio-demographics, the experience of intra-familial violence and violence perpetration. RESULTS: The prevalence of having experienced intra-familial violence was comparable across the Mexican and Egyptian populations (14% and 17%, respectively). In Mexico, young men were more likely to have experienced such violence (OR=2.36) than women, whereas in Egypt, young women were at slightly greater risk than young men (OR=1.25). Older age, male gender and urban residence were independent correlates of experiencing intra-familial violence among Mexican youth. For Egyptian adolescents, in contrast, younger age, female gender and having non-married parents were independent correlates of victimization. Intra-familial violence victims were also more likely than non-victims to perpetrate violence (Mexico: OR=13.13; Egypt: OR=6.58). CONCLUSIONS: Mexican and Egyptian youth experienced intra-familial violence at a relatively low prevalence when compared with youth of other countries. A strong association was found between experiencing intra-familial violence and perpetrating violence.

Doenças respiratórias e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional em São Paulo, 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de bronquite aguda, rinite e sinusite em crianças e adolescentes e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional. Foi realizado inquérito domiciliar com 1.185 crianças e adolescentes de São Paulo, SP, de 2008 a 2009. Os participantes foram selecionados a partir de amostragem probabilística, estratificada por sexo e idade e por conglomerados em dois estágios. Para análise ajustada foi realizada regressão múltipla de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 7,3% referiram bronquite aguda, 22,6% rinite e 15,3% sinusite. Após análise ajustada, associaram-se à bronquite aguda auto-referida: idade de zero a quatro anos (RP = 17,86; IC95%: 3,65;90,91), cinco a nove anos (RP = 37,04; IC95%: 8,13;166,67), dez a 14 anos (RP = 20,83; IC95%: 4,93;90,91), referir ter alergia (RP = 3,12; IC95%: 1,70;5,73), cor da pele preta/parda (RP = 2,29; IC95%: 1,21;4,35) e morar em domicílio com um a três cômodos (RP = 1,85; IC95%: 1,17;2,94); à rinite auto-referida: idade dez a 14 anos (RP = 2,77; IC95%: 1,60;4,78), 15 a 19 anos (RP = 2,58; IC95%: 1,52;4,39), referir ter alergia (RP = 4,32; IC95%: 2,79;6,70), referir ter asma (RP = 2,30; IC95%: 1,30;4,10) e morar em apartamento (RP = 1,70; IC95%: 1,06;2,73); à sinusite auto-referida: idade cinco a nove anos (RP = 2,44; IC95%: 1,09;5,43), dez a 14 anos (RP = 2,99; IC95%: 1,36;6,58), 15 a 19 anos (RP = 3,62; IC95%: 1,68;7,81), referir ter alergia (RP = 2,23; IC95%: 1,41;3,52) e apresentar obesidade (RP = 4,42; IC95%: 1,56;12,50). CONCLUSÕES: As doenças respiratórias foram mais prevalentes em grupos populacionais com características definidas, como grupo etário, doenças auto-referidas, tipo de moradia e obesidade.

Prevalência da infecção pelo Vírus da Leucose dos Bovinos em rebanhos leiteiros criados no estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Determinou-se a prevalência de anticorpos séricos anti-Vírus da Leucose dos Bovinos (anti-VLB) em 661 amostras de soro sangüíneo, colhidas em 16 rebanhos leiteiros criados em quatro municípios da Microrregião de Manaus, no Estado do Amazonas (Manaus, Iranduba, Autazes e Careiro da Várzea). Para detecção de anticorpos anti-VLB utilizou-se o teste de Imunodifusão Radial Dupla de Ouchterlony em gel de ágar, com uso do antígeno glicoprotéico (gp-51) da cápsula do vírus. Os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência da Leucose Enzoótica dos Bovinos nos rebanhos estudados, sendo a taxa de prevalência de anticorpos séricos anti-VLB na população examinada igual a 8,9% (59/661), com a exclusão dos animais com menos de seis meses de idade, nos quais a sororeação positiva poderia representar transferência passiva de anticorpos colostrais, verificou-se uma taxa de prevalência da infecção igual a 9,6% (58/604). Os animais avaliados, foram estratificados em grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e sexo. A análise dos resultados obtidos, pelo teste de duas proporções, permitiu concluir que a prevalência de bovinos portadores de anticorpos anti-VLB foi significativamente maior nos animais com mais de 12 meses de idade, não havendo diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos entre machos e fêmeas.

Epidemiological studies of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in indigenous communities of Pauini municipality, Amazonas, Brazil

The Mansonella ozzardi has a widespread distribution among the indigenous and riverine communities of Amazonas, Brazil. We estimated the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi in indigenous communities of the Pauini municipality, Amazonas state, Brazil and the rate of parasitic infection in vectors. We collected thick blood smears from individuals from six Apurinã indigenous communities along the Purus River and its tributaries. Collections of simuliids were made and dissected, and the larval instars of M. ozzardi identified. The overall prevalence of M. ozzardi was 28.40%, with the highest incidence among males and agricultural workers. Among age groups, children 2-9 years of age had the lowest incidence, while individuals older than 58 exhibited the highest rates of infection. We found infected simuliids in three communities, with Parasitic Infection Rates (PIR) of 0.34-6.58%. The prevalence of M. ozzardi among the Apurinã people is high, possibly related to the diary activities of the riparian people, where a high abundance of the vectors exists.

Produtividade e estabilidade fenotípica de cultivares de milho em três municípios do Estado do Pará

A área cultivada com grãos no Estado do Pará está em torno de 553 mil hectares e estima-se que 57% seja cultivada com milho. A produtividade média do milho é baixa, em virtude dos sistemas de produção adotados, que não incluem o uso de fertilizantes, corretivos e cultivares adaptadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a estabilidade fenotípica de cultivares de milho em quatro ambientes. Foram avaliadas 37 cultivares comerciais e pré-comerciais de milho em delineamento de látice simples 6x6. As parcelas foram constituídas de duas linhas de 5 m, espaçadas de 0,90 m, com cinco plantas/m após o desbaste. Houve diferença significativa pelo teste F na maioria das fontes de variação considerada. No grupo das cultivares mais produtivas, a produção esteve entre 5,64 e 6,58 t/ha e no segundo grupo, entre 4,03 e 5,52 t/ha de grãos. A testemunha BR-5102 foi classificada no grupo das mais produtivas, superando mais de 66% das cultivares avaliadas. As cultivares com menor risco de adoção para recomendação foram a AG 4051, C 333B e 984-N. Os resultados mostram ser possível identificar cultivares com bom desempenho produtivo e boa estabilidade.

Description of epidemics of coffee rust with neural networks

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential of neural networks (NN) as an alternative method to the basic epidemiological approach to describe epidemics of coffee rust. The NN was developed from the intensities of coffee (Coffea arabica) rust along with the climatic variables collected in Lavras-MG between 13 February 1998 and 20 April 2001. The NN was built with climatic variables that were either selected in a stepwise regression analysis or by the Braincel® system, software for NN building. Fifty-nine networks and 26 regression models were tested. The best models were selected based on small values of the mean square deviation (MSD) and of the mean prediction error (MPE). For the regression models, the highest coefficients of determination (R²) were used. The best model developed with neural networks had an MSD of 4.36 and an MPE of 2.43%. This model used the variables of minimum temperature, production, relative humidity of the air, and irradiance 30 days before the evaluation of disease. The best regression model was developed from 29 selected climatic variables in the network. The summary statistics for this model were: MPE=6.58%, MSE=4.36, and R²=0.80. The elaborated neural networks from a time series also were evaluated to describe the epidemic. The incidence of coffee rust at four previous fortnights resulted in a model with MPE=4.72% and an MSD=3.95.

Paratuberculose em caprinos e ovinos no Estado da Paraíba

Mediante o teste de ELISA foi determinada a presença de anticorpos para Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) em amostras de soro de 734 caprinos e 392 ovinos, sem sinais clìnicos aparentes, provenientes de 14 Municipios do semiárido Paraibano. Em caprinos, a frequência média de anticorpos de 44,86± 22,91% e em ovinos foi de 52,96±31,49. Das 46 propriedades estudadas, 44 (95,65%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Nos 14 municípios avaliados houve presença de animais sorologicamente positivos, variando de 20% a 70%. Em caprinos sem raça definida e mestiços a frequência (48,56%) foi significativamente inferior (P<0,0270) que a de caprinos de raças puras (57,24%). Em ovinos com escore de 1 a 3 a frequência (59,39%) foi significativamente maior (P=0,0034) que a frequência em ovinos com escore superior a 3 (42,42%). Não houve diferença significativa nas frequências em caprinos e ovinos de diferentes idades, em caprinos com diferente escore corporal e em ovinos de diferentes raças. No exame microbiológico, em cultivos em meio HEYM com micobactina J, foram observadas colônias semelhantes às do Map em 9 (6,58%) das 180 amostras de fezes, sendo uma de caprinos e 8 de ovinos. Na coloração de Ziehl Nieelsen as bactérias apresentavam características morfo-tintorias de Map. Os resultados obtidos indicam alta frequência de caprinos e ovinos infectados com Map no semiárido da Paraíba, tornando-se necessário desenvolver pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia e forma de controle da doença nas condições de criação da região.

Doenças de asininos e muares no semiárido brasileiro

As doenças de asininos e muares na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil foram avaliadas em um estudo retrospectivo dos 258 atendimentos realizados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2012. Dos prontuários desses animais foram coletados dados referentes a identificação, anamnese, exame clínico, diagnóstico, protocolo de tratamento e evolução dos casos. Durante o período analisado foram atendidos 200 asininos e 58 muares. Os sistemas afetados foram os seguintes em ordem de frequência: tegumentar, 88 casos; musculoesquelético, 78; digestivo, 36; nervoso, 23; reprodutor, 15; e respiratório, 6. Oito animais foram atendidos para avaliação pré-cirúrgica e encaminhados para orquiectomia; três animais tiveram diagnóstico inconclusivo e um animal sofreu acidente por picada de abelha. As principais enfermidades diagnosticadas nos asininos foram feridas traumáticas (33/200), fraturas (27/200) e cólica (14/200). Para os muares os principais diagnósticos foram cólica (8/58) e feridas traumáticas (6/58). Em ambas as espécies as fraturas foram a principal causa para realização de eutanásia (22/200 asininos e 3/58 muares). Conclui-se que a maioria das doenças diagnosticadas estão associadas com maus tratos ou falta de atenção com os animais e devem ser prevenidas mediante campanhas de conscientização e educação dos proprietários e tratadores, esclarecendo sobre a importância das melhorias do manejo e do bem-estar dos animais.

Produção de serapilheira em três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua com diferentes graus de perturbação na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Ouro Preto, MG

Foram estudados três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de diferenças na produção de serapilheira de acordo com o grau de perturbação. A serapilheira foi coletada entre julho de 1997 e agosto de 1998, usando-se dez coletores de 0,36 m², em cada trecho. A produção anual nos trechos A1 (6,78 ± 0,65 t.ha-1) e A2 (6,58 ± 0,49 t.ha-1) foi significativamente superior à estimada no trecho A3 (5,09 ± 0,58 t.ha-1) (ANOVA, p < 0,01). Os três trechos apresentaram padrão semelhante de produção da serapilheira, com o pico máximo ocorrendo em setembro (teste Tukey, p < 0,0001). A abundância de espécies pioneiras foi menos importante que a estatura do dossel na determinação da produção de serapilheira nas três áreas.

Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases plasma endothelin levels

The endothelins (ET-1, 2 and 3) constitute a family of 21 amino acid peptides with potent biological activities. ET-1 is one of the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictors so far identified and its increased concentration in plasma appears to be closely related to the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension as well as to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA patients exhibit repetitive episodes of apnea and hypopnea that result in hypoxia and consecutive arousals. These patients are chronically sleep deprived, which may aggravate the hypertensive features, since literature data show that sleep deprivation results in hypertension both in humans and in animals. Based on the reported relationship between ET-1, hypertension and sleep deprivation consequences, the purpose of the present study was to determine plasma ET concentrations in paradoxical sleep-deprived animals. Male Wistar rats, 3 to 4 months old (N = 10 per group), were deprived of sleep for 24 and 96 h by the platform technique and plasma ET-1/2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of plasma revealed that 96 h of sleep deprivation induced a significant increase in ET-1/2 release (6.58 fmol/ml) compared to control (5.07 fmol/ml). These data show that sleep deprivation altered plasma ET-1/2 concentrations, suggesting that such an increase may participate in the genesis of arterial hypertension and cardiorespiratory changes observed after sleep deprivation.

Factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality

Few studies have described factors associated with infant and adolescent mortality since birth. We report here mortality during a 20-year period in a birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto in order to identify birth variables that influenced mortality among infants and children between 10 and 19 years of age, the main causes of death, and the influence of social inequality at birth on death. Mothers were interviewed shortly after delivery. Social, biological and demographic information was collected, and mortality up to 19 years of age was investigated in registry systems. Of the 6748 liveborn singletons born in the municipality from 1978 to 1979, 343 died before or when 19 years of age were completed. Most of the cohort mortality (74.9%) occurred during the first year of life and 19.6% occurred from 10 to 19 years. Mortality was higher among boys. Preterm birth (hazard ratio, HR = 7.94) and low birth weight (HR = 10.15) were strongly associated with infant mortality. Other risk factors for infant mortality were: maternal age ³35 years (HR = 1.74), unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 2.47), and for adolescent mortality: unskilled manual occupation of family head (HR = 9.98) and male sex (HR = 6.58). "Perinatal conditions" were the main causes of deaths among infants and "external causes" among adolescents, especially boys. Socioeconomic factors at birth, represented by occupation, influenced adolescent mortality due to external causes, which was higher among boys (7:1). The influence of social inequality at birth on death, measured by occupation, was greater in adolescence than in infancy.

Effect of the addition of wheat fiber and partial pork back fat on the chemical composition, texture and sensory property of low-fat bologna sausage containing inulin and oat fiber

The objective of this work was to study the effect of adding wheat fiber and partial pork back fat on the quality characteristics of bologna sausage. The compound central rotating design was used with treatments containing fixed levels of inulin (5%) and oat fiber (1%) and variable levels of wheat fiber (0-4%) and pork back fat (0-10%). The pH and protein were similar in all the treatments, the fat was lower than the control treatment and the moisture content was higher than the control treatment (CF) without fibers. The wheat fiber increased the hardness and reduced cohesiveness and scores were given for overall impression. We found that it was possible to prepare low-fat bologna sausage with the addition of 6.58% fiber (5% inulin, 1% oat fiber and 0.58% wheat fiber), whilst retaining good sensory acceptability, thus reducing the pork back fat levels by between 25 and 42.75%.

CD19 LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION INDUCED BY Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis IN C57BL/6 MICE EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis is frequently acquired through the oral route by the ingestion of cysts or oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Once ingested, the parasites penetrate the intestinal epithelial cells and rapidly disseminate to all organs in the host. During T. gondii infection, the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in stimulating a protective immune response against the parasite. In this sense the use of probiotics is worthy of note since they are live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host through stimulation of the immune response that can be important in the control of T. gondii proliferation and dissemination in the host. In the present study, the action of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis was investigated in C57BL/6 mice infected with oocysts of ME49 strain of T. gondii. The probiotic had an immunomodulatory action, inducing CD19 lymphocyte proliferation and consequently increasing anti-T. gondii antibody level.Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisprovided protection in supplemented mice, compared to the control group. In addition, supplemented animals had milder inflammatory process in the small intestine, indicating that the probiotic protects the intestinal mucosa during infection with T. gondii. It was concluded that the probioticB. animalis subsp. lactis induces humoral immune response capable of providing protection against T. gondii infection.

Isoniazid acetylating phenotype in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis and its relationship with serum sulfadoxin levels, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities

The authors evaluated the isoniazid acetylating phenotype and measured hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities plus serum sulfadoxin levels in 39 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (33 males and 6 females) aged 17 to 58 years. Twenty one (53.84%) of the patients presented a slow acetylatingphenotype and 18(46.16%) a fast acetylating phenotype. Glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase (G6PD) acti vity was decreased in 5(23.80%) slow acetylators and in 4(22.22%) fast acetylators. Glutathione reductase activity was decreased in 14 (66.66%) slow acetylators and in 12 (66.66%) fast acetylators. Serum levels of free and total sulfadoxin Were higher in slow acetylator (p < 0.02). Analysis of the resultspermitted us to conclude that serum sulfadoxin levels are related to the acetylatorphenotype. Furthermore, sulfadoxin levels were always above 50 µg/ml, a value considered therapeutic. Glutathione reductase deficiency observed in 66% of patients may be related to the intestinal malabsorption of nutrients, among them riboflavin, a FAD precursor vitamin, inpatients with paracoceidioidomycosis.

Immunodiagnosis of chronic Chagas' disease using the Tc 46 and Tc 58 antigens

The polypeptides of 46 and 58kDa were recognized in different T. cruzi strains (Y, WSL and Colombiana) by serum of all chagasic patients studied. These polypeptides were isolated from T. cruzi Y strain and used in ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity were 97.6% [CI 95%: 86-100%] and 100% [CI 95%: 89.3-100%], respectively when Tc 46 was used. When Tc 58 was used the sensitivity and specificity were 100% [CI 95%: 89.6-100%] and 90.2% [CI 95%: 75.9-96.8%], respectively.