SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTICS IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A SECONDARY CARE SETTING FROM 2005-2006 AND 2010-2011, IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: DATA FROM 11,943 URINE CULTURES

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) has a high incidence and recurrence, therefore, treatment is empirical in the majority of cases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the urine cultures performed at a secondary hospital, during two periods, 2005-2006 and 2010-2011, and to estimate the microbial resistance. Patients and methods: We analyzed 11,943 aerobic urine cultures according to basic demographic data and susceptibility to antibiotics in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for Vitek 1 and 2. Results: Most of our cohort consisted of young adult females that were seen at the Emergency Department. E. coli was the most frequent (70.2%) among the 75 species isolated. Resistance of all isolates was ≥ 20% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, cefazolin and nalidixic acid. Although E. coli was more susceptible (resistance ≥ 20% for TMP/SMX and nalidixic acid) among all of the isolates, when classified by the number and percentage of antibiotic resistance. Global resistance to fluoroquinolones was approximately 12%. Risk factors for E. coli were female gender and an age less than 65 years. Men and patients older than 65 years of age, presented more resistant isolates. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were identified in 173 out of 5,722 Gram-negative isolates (3.0%) between 2010 and 2011. Conclusion: E. coli was the most frequent microbe isolated in the urine cultures analyzed in this study. There was a significant evolution of bacterial resistance between the two periods studied. In particular, the rise of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones was concerning.

Pesquisa de aglutininas anti Brucella canis em soros humanos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

De 330 soros humanos examinados pela prova de soroaglutinação lenta em tubos, 4(1,21%) apresentaram aglutininas anti Brucella canis em diluição 1:100 (1 reagente com título 100, 2 reagentes com título 200 e 1 reagente com título 400).

Comparação entre duas coortes de mães adolescentes em município do Sudeste do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência de gravidez na adolescência e analisar variáveis sociobiológicas relacionadas ao binômio mãe-filho entre duas coortes de mães adolescentes de nascidos vivos em Ribeirão Preto (1978-1979 e 1994). MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistadas mães adolescentes logo após o parto, sendo 943 em 1978/79 e 499 em 1994, abrangendo nascidos vivos de parto único, de famílias residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: O percentual de mães adolescentes aumentou de 14,1% em 1978/79 para 17,5% em 1994 (p<0,05), devido ao crescimento dos partos entre as jovens de 13 a 17 anos. Observou-se incremento da escolaridade, redução do hábito de fumar e aumento no número de consultas de pré-natal. Elevou-se a proporção de adolescentes sem companheiro, exercendo atividade remunerada e tendo atendimento privado no parto. As taxas de baixo peso ao nascer e da prematuridade não se alteraram no grupo de adolescentes como um todo. Houve maior taxa de cesarianas e uso do fórceps no parto das adolescentes. Contudo, mães de 13 a 17 anos tiveram o dobro de filhos prematuros e de baixo peso, maior proporção de solteiras, de baixa escolaridade, e de uso do fórceps no parto. CONCLUSÕES: Muitas características das mães adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos foram mais desfavoráveis do que daquelas com 18 e 19 anos. Estas especificidades no grupo de adolescentes necessitam ser melhor estudadas e compreendidas e levadas em conta no planejamento da oferta de serviços de atenção ao pré-natal e ao parto.

Validade de peso e estatura informados e índice de massa corporal: estudo pró-saúde

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade do peso e da estatura informados e do índice de massa corporal (IMC). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 3.713 funcionários públicos de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro, participantes da Fase 1 de um estudo longitudinal. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário auto-preenchível; as aferições foram realizadas após a aplicação. Para avaliar as diferenças entre os parâmetros aferidos e informados, utilizou-se o teste t pareado de Student, gráficos de Bland & Altman e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCIC). Estimou-se a sensibilidade e a especificidade das várias categorias do IMC. RESULTADOS: Houve alta concordância entre a aferição e a informação do peso (CCIC=0,977) e da estatura (CCIC=0,943). A sensibilidade do IMC, em suas várias categorias, variou em torno de 80%, e a especificidade foi próxima de 92%. Houve tendência leve e uniforme à subestimação do peso informado e à superestimação da estatura informada em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: As informações relatadas e aferidas de peso e estatura apresentaram boa concordância e validade; em populações similares, que disponham de recursos escassos, é possível utilizar dados informados ao invés de valores aferidos.

Infecção pelo HIV, hepatites B e C e sífilis em moradores de rua, São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência das infecções pelo HIV, vírus das hepatites B e C, e da sífilis em moradores de rua. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com intervenção educativa, realizado no município de São Paulo, de 2002 a 2003. Selecionou-se amostra de conveniência de moradores de rua que utilizavam albergues noturnos, segundo os critérios: >18 anos e não apresentar distúrbios psiquiátricos. Em entrevistas, foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e de comportamento, e realizados exames laboratoriais para HIV, hepatite B e C e sífilis, e aconselhamento pós-teste. RESULTADOS: Participaram 330 usuários dos albergues, com 40,2 anos (média), 80,9% homens, nas ruas, em média, há um ano. Observaram-se prevalências de 1,8% de HIV, 8,5% de vírus de hepatite C, 30,6% de infecção pregressa por hepatite B, 3,3% de infecção aguda ou crônica pelo vírus hepatite B e 5,7% de sífilis. Uso consistente de preservativo foi referido por 21,3% e uso de droga injetável, por 3% dos entrevistados. A positividade para HIV foi de 10% e 50% para vírus da hepatite C entre usuários de drogas injetáveis, versus 1,5% para HIV e 7,3% para hepatite C nos demais, evidenciando associação entre esse vírus e uso de droga injetável. Prisão anterior foi referida por 7,9% das mulheres e 26,6% dos homens, com prevalência de 2,6% para HIV e 17,1% para vírus da hepatite C. CONCLUSÕES: As elevadas prevalências de HIV e vírus de hepatite B e C requerem programas de prevenção baseados na vacinação contra hepatite B, diagnóstico precoce dessas infecções e inserção dos moradores de rua em serviços de saúde.

Social contextual factors contributing to child and adolescent labor: an ecological analysis

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between social contextual factors and child and adolescent labor. METHODS: Population-based cohort study carried out with 2,512 families living in 23 subareas of a large urban city in Brazil from 2000 to 2002. A random one-stage cluster sampling was used to select families. Data were obtained through individual household interviews using questionnaires. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was estimated for each district. New child and adolescent labor cases were those who had their first job over the two-year follow-up. The annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor was the response variable and predictors were contextual factors such as lack of social support, social deprivation, unstructured family, perceived violence, poor school quality, poor environment conditions, and poor public services. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to assess the associations. RESULTS: There were selected 943 families corresponding to 1,326 non-working children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years. Lack of social support, social deprivation, perceived violence were all positively and individually associated with the annual cumulative incidence of child and adolescent labor. In the multiple linear regression model, however, only lack of social support and perceived violence in the neighborhood were positively associated to child and adolescent labor. No effect was found for poor school quality, poor environment conditions, poor public services or unstructured family. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty reduction programs can reduce the contextual factors associated with child and adolescent labor. Violence reduction programs and strengthening social support at the community level may contribute to reduce CAL.

Antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000

Animal and human rabies samples isolated between 1989 and 2000 were typified by means of a monoclonal antibody panel against the viral nucleoprotein. The panel had been previously established to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the Americas. Samples were isolated in the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute and in other rabies diagnostic centers in Brazil. In addition to the fixed virus samples CVS-31/96-IP, preserved in mouse brain, and PV-BHK/97, preserved in cell culture, a total of 330 rabies virus samples were isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, horses, bats, sheep, goat, swine, foxes, marmosets, coati and humans. Six antigenic variants that were compatible with the pre-established monoclonal antibodies panel were defined: numbers 2 (dog), 3 (Desmodus rotundus), 4 (Tadarida brasiliensis), 5 (vampire bat from Venezuela), 6 (Lasiurus cinereus) and Lab (reacted to all used antibodies). Six unknown profiles, not compatible with the panel, were also found. Samples isolated from insectivore bats showed the greatest variability and the most commonly isolated variant was variant-3 (Desmodus rotundus). These findings may be related to the existence of multiple independent transmission cycles, involving different bat species.

Occurrence of influenza B/Hong Kong-Like strains in Brazil, during 2002

Through the influenza virus surveillance from January to October 2002, influenza B/Hong Kong-like strains circulating in the Southeast and Centre East regions of Brazil have been demonstrated. This strain is a variant from B/Victoria/02/88 whose since 1991 and until recently have been isolated relatively infrequently and have been limited to South-Eastern Asia. A total of 510 respiratory secretions were collected from patients 0 to 60 years of age, with acute respiratory illness, living in the Southeast and Centre East regions of Brazil, of which 86 (17.13%) were positive for influenza virus. Among them 12 (13.95%) were characterized as B/Hong Kong/330/2001; 3 (3.49%) as B/Hong Kong/1351/2002 a variant from B/Hong Kong/330/2001; 1 (1.16%) as B/Sichuan/379/99; 1 (1.16%) as B/Shizuoka/5/2001, until now. The percentages of cases notified during the surveillance period were 34.88%, 15.12%, 15.12%, 4.65%, 15.12%, 13.95%, in the age groups of 0-4, 5-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-30, 31-50, respectively. The highest proportion of isolates was observed among children younger than 4 years but serious morbidity and mortality has not been observed among people older than 65 years, although B influenza virus component for vaccination campaign 2002 was B/Sichuan/379/99 strain. This was probably due to the elderly protection acquired against B/Victoria/02/88. In addition, in influenza A/Panama/2007/99-like (H3N2) strains 22 (25.58%) were also detected, but influenza A(H1N1) has not been detected yet.

Esquistossomose: 1.000 pacientes tratados

Os autores relatam sua experiência com o hycanthone em 1.000 pacientes de esquistossomose mansônica, até agora tratados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade do Estado da Guanabara. São pacientes oriundos de áreas endêmicas do País, especialmente do nordeste e sudeste, 53,9% do sexo masculino e 46,1% do sexo feminino, de idade entre 5 e 63 anos. A forma clínica predominante da parasitose foi a hépato-intestinal (96,8%). O medicamento foi administrado em dose única, na razão de 3 mg/kg de peso corporal, a 33.6% de pacientes internados e a 66 4% em regime de tratamento ambulatorial. Os níveis séricos das transaminases, determinados, para confronto, antes e depois do uso do produto, em 60 dos pacientes internados, não se alteraram, ou apenas sofreram elevações inexpressivas. Não houve efeitos colateriais em 42,3% dos pacientes. Nos demais, esses efeitos foram de pequena e média intentidade, duraram apenas o 19 dia, na maioria das vezes, e consisfram, especialmente, de náuseas e de vômitos. O controle de cura parasitária estabelecido compreendeu 4 exames de fezes - aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias do emprego do medicamento, o que já se fez em 330 pacientes (33%), com 99% de cura. Incluída a biópsia retal, sempre que foi possivel, por ocasião do 4º exame de fezes, o esquema funcionou até agora em 97 pacientes (9,7%), dos quais 92 (94%) estão curados, segundo esse critério. O presente trabalho confirma a ação esquistossomicida do hycanthone, bem como sua boa tolerabilidade, inclusive no que se refere ao hepatócito. Os doentes, entretanto, devem ser criteriosamente selecionados, tendo-se em vista as contra-indicações conhecidas, de modo especial em relação ao fígado.

Correlação sorológica eletrocardiográfica para a doença de Chagas em populações rurais não selecionadas do Rio Grande do Sul

O trabalho analisa 4.758 correlações sorológicas eletrocardiográficas feitas em populações rurais não selecionadas de 17 municípios da Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A sorologia baseou-se na reação de fixação de complemento para doença de Chagas e os ECG foram interpretados segundo critérios da American Heart Association. 330 ECG alterados pertenciam aos 803 indivíduos soropositivos (41,1%) e 1.287 aos 3.955 soronegativos (32,5%). O gradiente de 8,5% a favor dos positivos mostrou-se significativo a nível de p < 0,001. As alterações acompanhadas por diferenças significativas entre positivos e negativos foram justamente aquelas consideradas características de miocardiopatia chagásica (BCRD, HBDAE, extrassistolia ventricular, alterações de ST eTe áreas de necrose e/ou fibrose. Estes fatos permitem concluir que a infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi é fator importante de agressão miocárdica numa parcela significativa da população rural da área endêmica de doença de Chagas no Rio Grande do Sul.

Seguimiento serológico de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en individuos estudiados de 50 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México de 1987 a 1994

La Universidad de Guadalajara decidió realizar en 1987 un estudio seroepidemiológico para conocer la prevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en los 124 municipios del Estado de Jalisco, México, en el cual se obtuvieron tasas de 21,6 por 100 habitantes. De diciembre de 1993 a junio de 1994 se realizó un seguimiento de algunos de esos individuos, estudiándose sólo 2669 de ellos, de 50 municipios de áreas rurales del estado. Las causas de no encuesta de los faltantes fueron diversas, estando entre las más importantes la emigración (27,6) y la renuencia (14,8). Encontramos a 476 positivos (17,8%) y 2193 negativos (82,2%). Este segundo estudio nos permitió detectar 80 infectados nuevos (2,9%) lo que representa una tasa de incidencia de 30 por 1000 habitantes. Sin embargo, encontramos una seroconversión en los individuos estudiados, ya que de 1007 individuos que estaban positivos en 1987, 943 de ellos continúan así, mientras, que 64 individuos se negativizaron (2,3%), no siendo esto imputable a fallas de laboratorio, la prevalencia de positividad detectada en ambos estudios fue casi idéntica 18,1 y 17,8 % respectivamente, por lo que nosotros pensamos que las condiciones en que viven los individuos de las localidades rurales del Estado de Jalisco favorecen a que las infecciones continúen.

Sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction for detection of known aliquots of Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood of mice: an in vitro study

To evaluate the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reveal known number of trypomastigote in the blood of mice, three separate experiments were done. First: To eight samples of 500mul of normal mice blood, one aliquot of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 50 trypomastigotes respectively, were added. Second and third: 10 aliquots with 1 and 10 with 2 trypomastigotes were added to samples of 500mul of normal mice blood. Positive control: 500mul of blood containing 100,000 trypomastigotes. For kDNA minicircles amplification by PCR the primers:S35 and S36 were used. PCR revealed products of 330 b.p in the positive controls. When only one sample with the aliquots of 1 or 2 trypomastigotes was examined, results were negative; results were positive with aliquots of 3 to 50 trypomastigotes. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, 9/10 aliquots with one parasite and 9/10 with 2 trypomastigotes were positive revealing a high sensitivity of this reaction. In conclusion, the presence of one single parasite in 500mul of blood, is enough for a positive PCR. This method could be used as a complement to the various parasitological cure tests in treated mice, when low volumes of blood are individually examined.

Comparison of capture methods for the diagnosis of adult anopheline populations from State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The present study compares human landing catches of primary malaria vectors with two alternative methods of capture: the Shannon trap and the Mosquito magnet. METHODS: This study used regression models to adjust capture data to a negative binominal distribution. RESULTS: Capture numbers and relative percentages obtained from the three methods vary strongly between species. The highest overall captures were obtained for Anopheles triannulatus with captures for the Shannon trap and the Mosquito magnet measuring more than 330% higher than captures obtained by human landings. For Anopheles darlingi, captures by the Shannon trap and the Mosquito magnet were about 14% and 26% of human landing catches, respectively. Another species with malaria transmission potential that was not sampled by human landing captures weascaptured by the Shannon trap and the Mosquito magnet (Anopheles oswaldoi). Both alternative sampling techniques can predict the human landing of Anopheles triannulatus, but without proportionality. Models for Anopheles darlingi counts, after totaling daily captures, are significant and proportional, but prediction models are more reliable when using the Shannon trap compared with the Mosquito magnet captures. CONCLUSIONS: These alternative capture methods can be partially recommended for the substitution of human landing captures or, at least, as complementary forms of monitoring for malarial mosquitoes.

Molecular characterization of Salmonella strains in individuals with acute diarrhea syndrome in the State of Sucre, Venezuela

INTRODUCTION:In Venezuela, acute diarrheic syndrome (ADS) is a primary cause of morbi-mortality, often involving the Salmonella genus. Salmonella infections are associated with acute gastroenteritis, one of the most common alimentary intoxications, and caused by the consumption of contaminated water and food, especially meat. METHODS: Conventional and molecular methods were used to detect Salmonella strains from 330 fecal samples from individuals of different ages and both sexes with ADS. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular characterization of Salmonella, using invA, sefA, and fliC genes for the identification of this genus and the serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. RESULTS: The highest frequency of individuals with ADS was found in children 0-2 years old (39.4%), and the overall frequency of positive coprocultures was 76.9%. A total of 14 (4.2%) strains were biochemically and immunologically identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, of which 7 were classified as belonging to the Enteritidis serotype, 4 to the Typhimurium serotype, and 3 to other serotypes. The S. enterica strains were distributed more frequently in the age groups 3-4 and 9-10 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular characterization method used proved to be highly specific for the typing of S. enterica strains using DNA extracted from both the isolated colonies and selective enrichment broths directly inoculated with fecal samples, thus representing a complementary tool for the detection and identification of ADS-causing bacteria.

Toxoplasmosis: an examination of knowledge among health professionals and pregnant women in a municipality of the State of Paraná

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of toxoplasmosis among professionals and pregnant women in the public health services in Paraná, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional observational and transversal study of 80 health professionals (44 nurses and 36 physicians) and 330 pregnant women [111 immunoglobulin M (IgM)- and IgG-non-reactive and 219 IgG-reactive] was conducted in 2010. An epidemiological data questionnaire was administered to the professionals and to the pregnant women, and a questionnaire about the clinical aspects and laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was administered to the professionals. Results The participants frequently provided correct responses about prophylactic measures. Regarding the clinical and laboratory aspects, the physicians provided more correct responses and discussed toxoplasmosis with the pregnant women. The professionals had difficulty interpreting the avidity test results, and the physicians stated that they referred pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies to a county reference center. Of the professionals, 53 (91.4%) reported that they instructed women during prenatal care, but only 54 (48.6%) at-risk pregnant women and 99 (45.2%) women who were not at risk reported receiving information about preventive measures. The physicians provided verbal instructions to 120 (78.4%) women, although instructional materials were available in the county. The pregnant women generally lacked knowledge about preventive measures for congenital toxoplasmosis, but the at-risk pregnant women tended to respond correctly. Conclusions This study provides data to direct public health policies regarding the importance of updating the knowledge of primary care professionals. Mechanisms should be developed to increase public knowledge because prophylactic strategies are important for preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.