Atresia de coana: análise de 16 casos - a experiência do HRAC-USP de 2000 a 2004

Atresia de coanas é uma patologia rara cuja incidência varia de 1:5.000-8.000 nascidos vivos, sendo mais comum no sexo feminino e associada a outras malformações. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico retrospectivo. Quando unilateral, tem seu diagnóstico retardado pela carência de sintomas, porém, quando bilateral, necessita de tratamento imediato devido à insuficiência respiratória e à incapacidade de o recém nascido realizar respiração oral. Neste artigo relatamos a incidência e a experiência do HRAC-USP.

Estudo comparativo da pressão arterial e da prevalência de hipertensão arterial em duas coortes sucessivas (1975-1976) de estudantes de 16 a 25 anos, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de pressão arterial e a prevalência de hipertensão arterial em uma população jovem, foram realizados pesquisas em dois anos sucessivos em 1.288 e 736 estudantes de Botucatu, SP (Brasil) tendo sido comparados os resultados obtidos. As médias das pressões sistólicas da população estudada e dos dois grupos etários desta população (16 a 20 anos e 21 a 25 anos) foram idênticas em ambos os anos, tendo as médias das pressões diastólicas diferido de no máximo 2 mmHg; as médias, tanto sistólicas quanto diastólicas, dos dois sexos e da parcela branca da população estudada quanto à idade e sexo também diferiram de no máximo 2 mmHg. As médias da população estudada e sua parcela branca, em ambos os anos, foram superiores no sexo masculino e no grupo etário de 21 a 25 anos. Na população negra e amarela houve disparidade de resultados entre 1975 e 1976, indicando influência da exiguidade do tamanho dos contigentes negro e amarelo desta população. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial (pressão sistólica igual ou maior que 140 mmHg e diastólica igual ou maior que 90 mmHg) foi de 5,04% em 1975 e 6,22% em 1976, tendo sido em ambos os anos maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino e no grupo de 21 a 25 do que no de 16 a 20 anos.

Use of psychoactive drugs and related falls among older people living in a community in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Population aging in Brazil has increased the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and affective disorders (anxiety, depression), all common in old age. A retrospective study was carried out with the purpose of ascertaining if there is an association between falls and psychoactive medication use among older residents of a community in Brazil. METHODS: All residents aged 65+ (n=161) of one neighborhood of Campo Belo, Brazil (population of 48,000) were evaluated regarding the use of psychoactive drugs and the occurrence of falls in the 12 months preceding the study. Vision and hearing screenings were also performed. RESULTS: From the study population, 9.3% were taking prolonged half-life benzodiazepines, 4.4% anticonvulsants (mostly barbiturates), 2.5% antidepressants (all cyclics) and 8.1% alpha-methyldopa. No subject reported use of hypnotics, neuroleptics or drugs to treat Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases (except biperiden). As a whole, drugs that increase the risk of falls were used by 1/5 of this population. In the 12-month period preceding the study, 27 residents (16.8%) experienced falls and, of those, 4 (14.8%) had fracture(s). There was an independent association between psychoactive drug use and falls when variables such as age, gender, vision and hearing were controlled (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although the population of this neighborhood must be considered young (only 4% are 65 years old or more), there are already problems related to the use of psychoactive drugs among people. Prescribed anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants and antihypertensives are not appropriate for this age group and their use is associated with falls.

Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16 in a HIV positive patient: case report

We described a case of salmonellosis in a 33-year old HIV-infected patient. The patient presented oral and esophageal candidiasis, intense epigastric and retrosternal pain. During the physical examination he was hypochloraemic, acyanotic, hypohydrated, anicteric and afebrile. Admittance laboratorial tests indicated: red cells 3.6 millions/mm³; hemoglobin, 10.1 g/dL; leukocyte count, 3,000/mm³, with 1% of eosinophils, 14% of non-segmented and 53% of segmented neutrophils and 31% of lymphocytes. The blood culture was positive for Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16. This is probably the first human report of bacteremia due to Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae in Brazil associated to HIV-infected patient.

Questing one Brazilian query: reporting 16 cases of Q fever from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Q fever has been considered non-existing in Brazil where reports of clinical cases still cannot be found. This case-series of 16 patients is a result of a systematic search for such illness by means of clinical and serologic criteria. Serologic testing was performed by the indirect microimmunofluorescence technique using phase I/II C. burnetii antigens. Influenza-like syndrome was the most frequent clinical form (eight cases - 50%), followed by pneumonia, FUO (fever of unknown origin), mono-like syndrome (two cases - 12.5% each), lymphadenitis (one case - 6.3%) and spondylodiscitis associated with osteomyelitis (one case - 6.3%). The ages varied from four to 67 years old with a median of 43.5. All but one patient had positive serologic tests for phase II IgG whether or not associated with IgM positivity compatible with acute infection. One patient had both phase I and phase II IgG antibodies compatible with chronic Q fever. Seroconvertion was detected in 10 patients. Despite the known limitations of serologic diagnosis, the cases here reported should encourage Brazilian doctors to include Q fever as an indigenous cause of febrile illness.

Molecular detection of HPV 16 and 18 in cervical samples of patients from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of HPV infection and the types 16 and 18 in cervical samples from patients attended at two public health services of the city of Belo Horizonte, MG. METHODS: Cervical samples from 174 patients were collected for cytopathological and molecular tests. HPV infection was searched by PCR utilizing MY09 and MY11 primers or HPV 16 and HPV 18 specific primers. RESULTS: Amongst the 174 samples analyzed, 20.7% presented squamous intraepithelial and/or invasive lesions detected on cytopathological analysis and of those, 94.4% were infected by HPV. HPV 16 was found in 20% of the cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and in 40% and 50% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous invasive carcinoma, respectively. HPV 18 was detected in 6.7% of the low-grade lesion samples and in two HPV16 co-infected samples. In 50% of the cases of high-grade lesion, the HPV type was not determined. CONCLUSION: The HPV 16 was the virus type more frequently detected. However, more than 50% of the positive samples at the cytopathological analysis were negative for HPV 16 and 18, indicating that possibly other virus types are present in relative high frequencies in the studied population.

Influence of Compound 16.842 on hookworm infections

Compound 16.842 was tried with three different groups of patients in order to evaluate its tolerancy, and efficacy as well, with a view of using the drug in mass campaigns against hookworm. Group I, used for a preliminary trial, consisted of 38 patients attending an out-patient clinic, and living either in the out-skirts or in the various urban areas of the city of Rio de Janeiro, including some inmates of an orphanage. Group II, a field trial, was carried out in two farms, where the drug was administered both to the positive cases (124) and to the rest of the population (nearly 90%). Group III, a field trial was also carried out in a small town where nearly 40% of the total population was treated with the Compound. Tolerability was considered rather satisfactory, mainly among the patients receiving two single doses (50-150mg), according to the age, 4 - 6 weeks apart). These results suggest that 2-4 courses of therapy within a shorter span of time should be the ideal for a mass treatment campaign. Efficacy varied from 26.6% to 76.2% parasitological cure in the various groups, with a wide range of variation also in the percent of mean reduction of eggs for hookworm. The drug showed also some effect against Ascaris lumbricoides giving cure rates between 10,5% and 35.7% in the various groups, with a percentage reduction in mean egg counts of 27% to 83.3% according to the various groups. It was concluded that Compound 16.842 possesses a marked effect on hookworm and a mild effect on A. lumbricoides. The findings indicate the need for more accurate studies to determine the most efficient schedules of treatment and the real value of the drug, as compared to other antihelminthics against the two parasites under study.

Freqüência de sarampo, rubéola, dengue e eritema infeccioso entre casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola no estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2001 a 2004

O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a freqüência de sarampo, rubéola, dengue e eritema infeccioso entre casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola, no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram testadas 1.161 amostras de soro coletadas no período de 2001 a 2004, para as quatro viroses, utilizando-se ensaios imunoenzimáticos para detecção de anticorpos IgM. Desse total, 276 (23,8%) amostras foram positivas para uma das quatro viroses analisadas. Foram detectados 196 (16,9%) casos positivos para dengue, 38 (3,3%) para eritema infeccioso (parvovírus B19), 32 (2,8%) para rubéola e 10 (0,9%) para sarampo. Entre os casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola, a infecção pelo vírus dengue foi a mais freqüente, seguida pelo parvovírus B19. A semelhança de manifestações clínicas entre as doenças exantemáticas contribui para dificultar o diagnóstico de sarampo, rubéola, dengue e eritema infeccioso, quando observados apenas os critérios clínicos. Deve-se salientar que os quatro testes utilizados foram insuficientes para diagnosticar 76,2% das doenças febris exantemáticas notificadas. Este é o primeiro estudo que evidencia a circulação de parvovírus B19 humano em Pernambuco.

Nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit during 16 years: 1997-2012

Introduction Surveillance of nosocomial infections (NIs) is an essential part of quality patient care; however, there are few reports of National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and none in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of NIs, causative organisms, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in a large cohort of neonates admitted to the NICU during a 16-year period. Methods The patients were followed 5 times per week from birth to discharge or death, and epidemiological surveillance was conducted according to the NHSN. Results From January 1997 to December 2012, 4,615 neonates, representing 62,412 patient-days, were admitted to the NICU. The device-associated infection rates were as follows: 17.3 primary bloodstream infections per 1,000 central line-days and 3.2 pneumonia infections per 1,000 ventilator-days. A total of 1,182 microorganisms were isolated from sterile body site cultures in 902 neonates. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (34.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.6%) were the most common etiologic agents isolated from cultures. The incidences of oxacillin-resistant CoNS and Staphylococcus aureus were 86.4% and 28.3%, respectively. Conclusions The most important NI remains bloodstream infection with staphylococci as the predominant pathogens, observed at much higher rates than those reported in the literature. Multiresistant microorganisms, especially oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli resistant to cephalosporin were frequently found. Furthermore, by promoting strict hygiene measures and meticulous care of the infected infants, the process itself of evaluating the causative organisms was valuable.

Microlaparoscopy in gynecology: analysis of 16 cases and review of literature

Microlaparoscopy represents the development of endoscopic surgery towards a minimally invasive surgical procedure. The advantages include fewer surgical complications, faster return to daily activities, more comfortable postoperative recovery, and satisfactory aesthetic results. The possibility of performing surgery under sedation may result in shorter hospitalization, lower hospital costs, and easier anesthetic procedures. The authors report their preliminary experience with the use of microlaparoscopy, using optics and 2mm instruments, as well as a review of the literature since the introduction of this new technique. The report of these 16 cases demonstrates that microlaparoscopy is a feasible technique with satisfactory results. On the other hand, this new technique requires precise indications and a training period for the development of the skills necessary for performing these surgeries.

A administração precoce de hormônio de crescimento resulta em efeitos deletérios na remodelação ventricular após o infarto agudo do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ação do hormônio de crescimento (GH) sobre a remodelação miocárdica em ratos infartados. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao infarto e tratados com GH (IAM-GH; n=8), ou com o veículo (IAM; n=8). Ratos controles foram submetidos ao infarto simulado (C; n=8). Após 30 dias, os animais foram submetidos ao estudo funcional por meio de ecocardiograma e as alterações da contratilidade miocárdica estudadas no músculo papilar isolado do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). RESULTADOS: O ecocardiograma identificou aumento nos diâmetros (mm) diastólico (C=7,32±0,49; IAM=8,50±0,73; IAM-GH= 9,34± 0,73; P<0,05) e sistólico (C=3,38±0,47, IAM= 5,16±1,24; IAM-GH=5,96±1,54; P<0,05) no VE dos animais com infarto. Os animais do grupo IAM-GH apresentaram menor fração (%) de ejeção (C=0,9±0,03; IAM=0,76±0,12; IAM-GH=0,72±0,14; P<0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) em relação aos controles. O estudo do músculo papilar isolado do ventrículo esquerdo mostrou que o grupo IAM-GH apresentou alterações (C=1,50±0,59; IAM= 1,28±0,38; IAM-GH=1,98±0,41; P<0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) somente na tensão de repouso (TR - g/mm²) e no delta do tempo para a tensão desenvolvida decrescer 50% (TR50, ms) após estimulação com cálcio (C=23,75±9,16; IAM=-16,56±14,82; IAM-GH=-4,69±8,39; P<0,05 para C vs IAM-GH) e no delta da tensão desenvolvida (TD, g/mm²) após estimulação com isoproterenol (C=0,99±0,17; IAM=0,54±0,62; IAM-GH= 0,08±0,75; P<0,05 para C vs IAM-GH), em relação aos animais controle. CONCLUSÃO: A administração precoce do GH no modelo de infarto experimental em ratos pode resultar em efeitos adversos no processo de remodelação ventricular.

Qualidade de vida após revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio, angioplastia ou tratamento clínico

FUNDAMENTO: Ainda que os benefícios clínicos das intervenções coronarianas parecem confirmados, seus efeitos na qualidade de vida (QV) permanecem pouco estudados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) na doença multiarterial coronariana em pacientes submetidos randomicamente a cirurgia, angioplastia ou tratamento clínico. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizando Short-Form Health Survey (SF36) questionnaire em 483 pacientes. Desses, 161 foram revascularizados; 166 receberam angioplastia e 153 tiveram tratamento clínico. RESULTADOS: Na internação, 86% referiam angina; 34%, infarto; e 32% fumavam. Tratamento clínico: 12 pacientes (7,7%) tiveram infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM); 24 (15,3%) receberam cirurgia; e 19 (12,1%) morreram. Além disso, cinco (3,2%) sofreram AVC e 40 (25,6%) tinham angina. No componente mental, 64,1% melhoram e 30,8% pioram a condição. No componente físico, 70,5% melhoram e 27,6% pioram a condição. Cirurgia: 13 pacientes (8,1%) tiveram IAM, dois (1,2%) receberam cirurgia; 12 (7,4%) morreram. Em adição, nove (5,6%) sofreram AVC e 30 (18,6%) sofriam angina. No componente mental, 72,7% melhoram e 25,5% pioram a condição. No componente físico, 82,6% melhoram e 16,1% pioram a condição. Angioplastia: 18 pacientes (10,9%) tiveram IAM, 51 (30,7%) receberam intervenções e 18 (19,9%) morreram. Além disso, seis (3,6%) sofreram AVC e 35 (21%) relatavam angina. No componente mental, 66,9% melhoram e 26,5% pioram a condição No componente físico, 77,1% melhoram e 20,5% pioram a condição. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se melhora em todos os domínios e nas três opções terapêuticas. Comparativamente, a cirurgia ofereceu melhor qualidade de vida após quatro anos de seguimento.