A dinâmica de populações microbiológicas na estabilização aeróbia de resíduos orgânicos de fecularias de mandioca

No presente trabalho foi estudada a biologia da estabilização aeróbia de resíduos da extração industrial de amido e farinhas, das raízes de «mandioca brava» (Manihot esculenta), planta nativa do Brasil e de grande importância econômica dado seu alto valor nutritivo. Os resíduos líquidos dessa extração apresentam elevado teor de matéria orgânica proteica e possuem ácido cianídrico, sendo inconveniente, por essas razões, seu lançamento aos rios sem prévia estabilização. Essa estabilização tem sido obtida, satisfatoriamente, por intermédio de instalações de valos de oxidação. Os objetivos almejados com o estudo da biologia do sistema eram, principalmente: 1. Conhecer a composição biológica e a estrutura microscópica dos flocos formados por aeração; 2. Determinar as causas e, eventualmente, o processo de correção do fenômeno do intumescimento do lôdo («bulking») que freqüentemente ocorre nessas instalações; 3. Determinar a seqüência de populações microbiológicas que se desenvolvem no decorrer do processo de estabilização, de modo a possibilitar o controle microscópico da eficiência do sistema de tratamento. Através da aeração do resíduo, em laboratório e comparando os resultados da análise microscópica com os dados que permitiam verificar a evolução do processo de estabilização, foi possível obter-se os seguintes resultados: 1. Os flocos são constituídos de uma massa biológica em que predominam fungos filamentosos (Fig. 2). 2. Êsses flocos, sendo pouco compactos, originam o fenômeno do intumescimento. 3. A adição de fósforo ao sistema produz modificação radical na biologia e na estrutura dos flocos, determinando predominância de bactérias, formação de flocos compactos e desaparecimento do fenômeno de intumescimento (Fig. 1; Fig. 2c). 4. Foi estabelecida a seqüência de microrganismos bem como as suas relações de natureza ecológica com as distintas etapas na evolução do processo de estabilização de modo a permitir o reconhecimento microscópico dessas etapas e controle do funcionamento e eficiência do sistema (Fig. 3).

Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis

Eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis are chronic, disfiguring fungal infections of the subcutaneous tissue that rarely resolve spontaneously. Most patients do not achieve sustained long-term benefits from available treatments; therefore, new therapeutic options are needed. We evaluated the efficacy of posaconazole, a new extended-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, in 12 patients with eumycetoma or chromoblastomycosis refractory to existing antifungal therapies. Posaconazole 800 mg/d was given in divided doses for a maximum of 34 months. Complete or partial clinical response was considered a success; stable disease or failure was considered a nonsuccess. All 12 patients had proven infections refractory to standard therapy. Clinical success was reported for five of six patients with eumycetoma and five of six patients with chromoblastomycosis. Two patients were reported to have stable disease. As part of a treatment-use extension protocol, two patients with eumycetoma who initially had successful outcome were successfully retreated with posaconazole after a treatment hiatus of > 10 months. Posaconazole was well tolerated during long-term administration (up to 1015 d). Posaconazole therapy resulted in successful outcome in most patients with eumycetoma or chromoblastomycosis refractory to standard therapies, suggesting that posaconazole may be an important treatment option for these diseases.

Invasive aspergillosis in a user of inhaled cocaine: rhinosinusitis with bone and cartilage destruction

Aspergillosis is an infection caused by saprophytic fungi of the genus Aspergillus, which typically occurs in immunosuppressed individuals, but has also been reported in immunocompetent patients. The main routes of entry are the respiratory tract, skin, cornea, and ear, and the infection may be localized or disseminated by contiguity or vascular invasion. We report a severe case of rhinosinusitis with cutaneous involvement, caused by invasive aspergillosis, in an immunocompetent user of inhaled cocaine. Invasive aspergillosis related to cocaine abuse has not yet been reported in the literature. After itraconazole treatment and surgical debridement, complete clinical remission was achieved. Nasal reconstruction with a skin graft over a silicone prosthesis resulted in a satisfactory esthetic outcome.

Cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio através de minitoracotomia esquerda

OBJETIVO: Atualmente existe uma tendência mundial para a realização de cirurgias através de incisões mínimas, denominadas minimamente invasivas, tornando o ato operatório cada vez menos agressivo. A introdução desta nova técnica possibilita a dissecção da artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) e sua anastomose com a artéria interventricular anterior (AIA), através de uma minitoracotomia esquerda. MÉTODOS: De maio/96 a outubro/97, 11 portadores de insuficiência coronária, com lesão única e proximal da AIA, foram submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio (RM). A abordagem cirúrgica consistiu de uma toracotomia ântero-lateral esquerda, de aproximadamente 10cm, através do 4º espaço intercostal esquerdo, e nos últimos 6 casos com ressecção de parte da cartilagem da 4ª e 5ª costelas, dissecção da ATIE, abertura e reparo do pericárdio adjacente à AIA. Todos pacientes receberam ponte única para AIA com enxerto da ATIE, sem auxílio de circulação extracorpórea (CEC). RESULTADOS: A idade variou de 46 a 76 (média = 58,55) anos, sendo 10 (90,90%) pacientes do sexo masculino e 1 (9,09%) feminino. O tempo de permanência hospitalar variou de 4 a 8 (média de 5,2) dias. Nenhum paciente apresentou alteração eletrocardiográfica no pós-operatório imediato. Um paciente apresentou no controle, trombose no 1/3 distal da ATIE com comprometimento importante de fluxo e, outro, estenose ao nível da anastomose, sendo ambos submetidos a angioplastia com sucesso. Não houve mortalidade no grupo estudado. CONCLUSÃO: A ausência de mortalidade, sugere que a cirurgia de RM através de cirurgia minimamente invasiva, em grupos selecionados, é uma excelente alternativa de revascularização da AIA.

Lipoma of the right atrium

The patient is a 54-year-old asymptomatic male with a tumor in the right atrium that was diagnosed on transesophageal echocardiography and confirmed as a lipoma of the right atrium on computerized tomography. The patient underwent surgical repair with extracorporeal circulation. The tumor was resected, and its base of implantation in the atrium was repaired with a flap of bovine pericardium. The diagnosis of lipoma was confirmed on histopathological examination. Locating of the tumor with the aid of transesophageal echocardiography was very useful in the strategy of cannulation of the venae cava for installation of the circuit of extracorporeal circulation. The patient had a good postoperative evolution.

Proteína C-reativa: marcador inflamatório com valor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada

FUNDAMENTO: A inflamação vem sendo implicada na fisiopatologia de uma série de doenças cardiovasculares. A proteína C-reativa (PCR) titulada é um marcador de inflamação de fácil obtenção na sala de emergência. OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor prognóstico da PCR em pacientes admitidos por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva de 119 pacientes com IC descompensada, atendidos na sala de emergência, com média de idade de 74 ± 11 anos, dos quais 76 (64%) eram do sexo masculino. Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association. A dosagem da PCR foi realizada por ocasião da admissão na sala de emergência, pelo método de nefelometria. Os pacientes foram acompanhados, após a alta hospitalar, por um tempo médio de 12 ± 9,7 meses e o desfecho analisado foi a mortalidade cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: Houve 44 (36,9%) óbitos, todos por causa cardiovascular. Indivíduos com PCR > 3 mg/dl apresentaram maior mortalidade que indivíduos com valores inferiores a esse (p=0,018). A análise multivariada pelo modelo proporcional de Cox destacou como fator independente para prognóstico mais importante a PCR (razão de chances de 0,0916 [intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,0341 a 0,1490] para aumentos de uma unidade na PCR). CONCLUSÃO: A PCR é um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com IC descompensada, indicando que a inflamação representa componente importante na fisiopatologia da doença.

A Comparison of Radiation Dose Between Standard and 3D Angiography in Congenital Heart Disease

Background: The use of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) to assess patients with congenital heart diseases appears to be a promising technique despite the scarce literature available. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe our initial experience with 3D-RA and to compare its radiation dose to that of standard two-dimensional angiography (2D-SA). Methods: Between September 2011 and April 2012, 18 patients underwent simultaneous 3D-RA and 2D-SA during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Radiation dose was assessed using the dose-area-product (DAP). Results: The median patient age and weight were 12.5 years and 47.5 Kg, respectively. The median DAP of each 3D-RA acquisition was 1093µGy.m2 and 190µGy.m2 for each 2D-SA acquisition (p<0.01). In patients weighing more than 45Kg (n=7), this difference was attenuated but still significant (1525 µGy.m2 vs.413µGy.m2, p=0.01). No difference was found between one 3D-RA and three 2D-SA (1525µGy.m2 vs.1238 µGy.m2, p = 0.575) in this population. This difference was significantly higher in patients weighing less than 45Kg (n=9) (713µGy.m2 vs.81µGy.m2, P = 0.008), even when comparing one 3D-RA with three 2D-SA (242µGy.m2, respectively, p<0.008). 3D-RA was extremely useful for the assessment of conduits of univentricular hearts, tortuous branches of the pulmonary artery, and aorta relative to 2D-SA acquisitions. Conclusions: The radiation dose of 3D-RA used in our institution was higher than those previously reported in the literature and this difference was more evident in children. This type of assessment is of paramount importance when starting to perform 3D-RA.

Human IgG responses against the N-terminal region of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax

The complete primary structure of the gene encoding the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax (PvMSP-1) revealed the existence of interspecies conserved regions among the analogous proteins of other Plasmodia species. Here, three DNA recombinant clones expressing 50, 200 and 500 amino acids from the N-terminal region of the PvMSP-1 protein were used on ELISA and protein immunoblotting assays to look at the IgG antibody responses of malaria patients from the Brasilian amazon region of Rondônia. The results showed the existance of P. vivax and P. falciparum IgG antibodies directed against PvMSP-1 antigenic determinants expressed in the clones containing the first 200 and the following 500 amino acids of the molecule, but not within the one expressing the most N-terminal 50 amino acids. Interestingly, there was no correlation between the levels of these IgG antibodies and the previous number of malaria infections.

A GBP 130 derived peptide from Plasmodium falciparum binds to human erythrocytes and inhibits merozoite invasion in vitro

The malarial GBP 130 protein binds weakly to intact human erythrocytes; the binding sites seem to be located in the repeat region and this region's antibodies block the merozoite invasion. A peptide from this region (residues from 701 to 720) which binds to human erythrocytes was identified. This peptide named 2220 did not bind to sialic acid; the binding site on human erythrocyte was affected by treatment with trypsin but not by chymotrypsin. The peptide was able to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. The residues F701, K703, L705, T706, E713 (FYKILTNTDPNDEVERDNAD) were found to be critical for peptide binding to erythrocytes.

Breeding sites of Culicoides pachymerus Lutz in the Magdalena River basin, Colombia

The breeding sites of Culicoides pachymerus are described for the first time in western Boyacá Province, Colombia, where this species is a public health problem. In addition to being a nuisance due to its enormous density and its high biting rates, C. pachymerus cause dermatological problems in the human population. Analysis of microhabitats by the sugar flotation technique and the use of emergence traps allowed us to recover 155 larvae of Culicoides spp and 65 adults of C. pachymerus from peridomiciliary muddy substrates formed by springs of water and constant rainwater accumulation. These important findings could aid in the design of integrated control meas-ures against this pest.

On cytoadhesion of Plasmodium vivax: raison d'être?

It is generally accepted that Plasmodium vivax, the most widely distributed human malaria parasite, causes mild disease and that this species does not sequester in the deep capillaries of internal organs. Recent evidence, however, has demonstrated that there is severe disease, sometimes resulting in death, exclusively associated with P. vivax and that P. vivax-infected reticulocytes are able to cytoadhere in vitro to different endothelial cells and placental cryosections. Here, we review the scarce and preliminary data on cytoadherence in P. vivax, reinforcing the importance of this phenomenon in this species and highlighting the avenues that it opens for our understanding of the pathology of this neglected human malaria parasite.

Expression of non-TLR pattern recognition receptors in the spleen of BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS

The spleen plays a crucial role in the development of immunity to malaria, but the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in splenic effector cells during malaria infection is poorly understood. In the present study, we analysed the expression of selected PRRs in splenic effector cells from BALB/c mice infected with the lethal and non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii strains 17XL and 17X, respectively, and the non-lethal Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS strain. The results of these experiments showed fewer significant changes in the expression of PRRs in AS-infected mice than in 17X and 17XL-infected mice. Mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) expression increased with parasitemia, whereas Toll-like receptors and sialoadhesin (Sn) decreased in mice infected with P. chabaudi AS. In contrast, MRC type 1 (MRC1), MRC2 and EGF-like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like sequence 1 (F4/80) expression decreased with parasitemia in mice infected with 17X, whereas MRC1 an MRC2 increased and F4/80 decreased in mice infected with 17XL. Furthermore, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure and CD68 declined rapidly after initial parasitemia. SIGNR1 and Sn expression demonstrated minor variations in the spleens of mice infected with either strain. Notably, macrophage scavenger receptor (Msr1) and dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin 2 expression increased at both the transcript and protein levels in 17XL-infected mice with 50% parasitemia. Furthermore, the increased lethality of 17X infection in Msr1 -/- mice demonstrated a protective role for Msr1. Our results suggest a dual role for these receptors in parasite clearance and protection in 17X infection and lethality in 17XL infection.

Red blood cells derived from peripheral blood and bone marrow CD34+ human haematopoietic stem cells are permissive to Plasmodium parasites infection

The production of fully functional human red cells in vitro from haematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) has been successfully achieved. Recently, the use of hHSCs from cord blood represented a major improvement to develop the continuous culture system for Plasmodium vivax. Here, we demonstrated that CD34+hHSCs from peripheral blood and bone marrow can be expanded and differentiated to reticulocytes using a novel stromal cell. Moreover, these reticulocytes and mature red blood cells express surface markers for entrance of malaria parasites contain adult haemoglobin and are also permissive to invasion by P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum parasites.