186 resultados para semi-finished product


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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a resistência de nove madeiras de ocorrência no semi-árido brasileiro a fungos de podridão-mole, em condições de laboratório. As madeiras estudadas foram algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), angico (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis), cássia (Senna siamea), craibeira (Tabebuia aurea), cumaru (Amburana cearensis), pau-d'arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) e pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium). De cada espécie foram retirados corpos-de-prova de 3,0 x 1,5 x 0,5 cm, com a maior dimensão no sentido das fibras, em quatro posições na direção medula-casca do tronco. As amostras permaneceram por 120 dias sob a ação da microflora natural existente em solo orgânico. A resistência ao apodrecimento da aroeira, braúna e cássia não foi afetada pela posição na direção medula-casca, não esteve relacionada à densidade das madeiras ensaiadas. As madeiras de aroeira e braúna (cerne), pereiro e pau-d'arco apresentaram melhor desempenho. A resistência natural não esteve associada à concentração de extrativos solúveis em água quente.

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Os benefícios gerados pelos sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) ao ambiente são comprovados nas mais diversas regiões do mundo. No entanto, na região semi-árida cearense, são poucos os trabalhos desenvolvidos englobando as vantagens atribuídas a este tipo de sistema quanto ao uso do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto de quatro SAFs e um convencional sobre a qualidade do solo, comparativamente à condição natural (caatinga nativa), após cinco anos de uso na região semi-árida cearense. Os tratamentos testados foram: agrossilvipastoril (AGP); silvipastoril (SILV); tradicional cultivado em 1998 e 1999 (TR98); tradicional cultivado em 2002 (TR02); e cultivo intensivo (CI) e duas áreas de mata nativa (MN-1 e MN-2), que foram usadas como referência de um estado de equilíbrio. O impacto dos sistemas de manejo sobre a qualidade do solo foi medido pelas seguintes variáveis: a granulometria; argila dispersa; a estabilidade e distribuição porcentual dos agregados; os teores de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ trocáveis; a acidez potencial; o pH do solo; e o teor de carbono orgânico total (COT), considerando-se as profundidades de 0-6, 6-12, 12-20 e 20-40 cm. Os tratamentos AGP, TR98 e CI promoveram maior revolvimento do solo provocando a redução nos teores de COT. Os atributos químicos, como bases trocáveis, capacidade de troca catiônica, pH e acidez potencial nos tratamentos SILV e MN-2, variaram em função dos teores de argila, enquanto nos tratamentos TR98 e CI a redução nesses atributos foi devido ao maior revolvimento do solo. O tratamento AGP mostrou-se eficiente na ciclagem de nutrientes, entretanto, o revolvimento do solo e a concomitante redução do teor de COT, geraram também diminuição na estabilidade de agregados. Os resultados obtidos permitem recomendar o tratamento SILV para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e produção de alimentos na região do semi-árido cearense.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e distribuição de biomassa de algumas espécies arbóreas de múltiplo uso em condições de sequeiro do submédio do São Francisco, instalou-se um experimento no Campo Experimental da Caatinga da Embrapa Semi-Árido, Município de Petrolina, PE. Foram realizadas medições de altura e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) de 16 árvores centrais, em três parcelas de cada espécie: Leucaena diversifolia, Caesalpinia velutina, Caesalpinia coriaria, Mimosa tenuiflora e Ateleia herbert-smithii. A biomassa foi estimada com base na árvore de altura média de cada parcela, avaliando-se, separadamente, cada componente (folhas, galhos, cascas e lenho). A biomassa nos diferentes componentes arbóreos das espécies foi distribuída na seguinte ordem: folha

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Planting densities influence several aspects of forest formation, including management practices, timber yield, quality, and extraction, and consequently its production costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate Mimosa caesalpiinifolia and Gliricidia sepium growth as a function of planting density (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 plants ha-1) and plant age. The species were evaluated every 90 days for plant height (PH), crown diameter (CD) and root collar diameter (RCD) (10 cm above the ground), with the first evaluation performed at 90 days and the last at 720 days. When plants were one year of age and beyond, evaluations were conducted also for stem diameter at breast height (DBH) (1.30 m above the ground). A randomized block design with split-plots and three replicates was adopted. Species were assigned to plots, planting densities were assigned to subplots, and evaluation ages were assigned to subsubplots. The four traits in both species had their values decreased as planting density increased, but continually increased as plant age increased. For PH and RCD there was an alternation between species superiority, with gliricidia being superior to sabiá at some ages, while the opposite occurred at other ages. As to CD the species only differed in the last measurement, gliricidia being superior. With regard to DBH, gliricidia was superior starting from the second measurement. There was an effect of the species × ages interaction for the four traits and also an effect of the densities × ages interaction for CD and DBH.

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Medidas diretas de evapotranspiração de referência são importantes na avaliação e na calibração de métodos indiretos. Avaliou-se o desempenho de lisímetro de pesagem hidráulica de baixo custo, visando à determinação direta da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), em área de assentamento rural no Semi-Árido nordestino. O lisímetro é de concepção simplificada, com travesseiros hidráulicos confeccionados com mangueira flexível de butil e revestida em náilon, interligados a um sistema manométrico com mercúrio e água. O equilíbrio do lisímetro foi estável, sendo o maior erro médio posicional de 3,93%. As calibrações geraram coeficientes de correlação superiores a 0,9993 e resoluções de leituras entre 0,095 e 0,134 mm. As leituras lisimétricas foram comparadas com estimativas da ETo obtidas, utilizando-se dos métodos de Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle-FAO, Jensen-Haise e do Tanque Classe A-FAO. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o desempenho de um tanque evaporimétrico simplificado, construído a partir de material reciclado, o qual vem sendo utilizado no manejo da irrigação em áreas de agricultura familiar. Todos os métodos analisados apresentaram bom desempenho, com medidas bem correlacionadas aàs do lisímetro, para o período estudado.

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The objective of this work was to determine the effect of environmental variables and supplementation levels on physiological parameters of Moxotó goats in confined and semi-confined rising systems, in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The semi-confined individuals were kept on a grass based diet during the day and arrested in the end of the afternoon. The confined animals were kept in a management center, receiving two diets composed by forage cactus and maniçoba hay into two different levels (0.5 and 1.5% of the body weight). Inside the management center and in the external environment the environmental comfort parameters were set high during the afternoon period characterizing a situation of thermal discomfort for the animals. During the morning the semi-confined animals presented an average respiratory frequency (69.5 mov min-1) and rectal temperature (39.5 ºC) higher than the confined ones (62.6 mov min-1 and 39.0 ºC, respectively). The confined and semi-confined animals were able to maintain their rectal temperature within normal limits, with increase in the cardiac beatings rate and respiratory frequency. The greater percentage of the used supplementations (1.5%) seemed to increase rectal temperature in the two studied rising systems.

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Os sistemas de cultivo utilizados no semi-árido brasileiro apresentam riscos de perda devido à irregularidade das chuvas, devendo-se associá-los a práticas que propiciem maior infiltração e, conseqüentemente, menor erosão, o que pode ser obtido por meio de técnicas de captação de água de chuva in situ. Neste trabalho, teve-se o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de água e de solo em área cultivada com milho (Zea mays L.), submetida a diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, correspondendo aos tratamentos Guimarães Duque (T1); aração profunda (T2); aração parcial (T3) e sulcos barrados (T4), comparados com o sistema tradicional (T5), que corresponde ao plantio sem preparo do solo. Após cada evento de chuva, a água e o solo escoados foram coletados e medidos. A umidade do solo em diferentes profundidades foi monitorada durante o ciclo de produção da cultura e avaliada a produtividade dos grãos por meio da análise de variância. A partir dos resultados, pode-se observar que o método Guimarães Duque (T1) proporcionou maiores perdas de água (6.696 L) e de solo (15.225 kg ha-1), enquanto as menores perdas foram obtidas com os sulcos barrados (T4), correspondendo a 1.066 L e 1.022 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Nesse tratamento (T4), também foi obtida a maior produtividade de grãos (606 kg ha-1), apresentando-se como o sistema mais indicado para as condições analisadas.

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Potato is an important crop plant throughout the world. Harvesting is a fundamental step in its production system. Maybe, it is the most complex and expensive operation. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the cost of the mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest, the operational capacity and the production losses during the potato harvest process. The work was accomplished in a commercial farming, cultivated under pivot system, in the municipal district of Perdizes - MG, Brazil. A completely randomized design with two treatments was used: mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest. The mechanized harvest used a self-propelled harvester. In the semi-automated harvest, a digger mounted on tractor was used and the potato was manually harvested. It was concluded that the cost of mechanized harvest was 49.03% lower than the cost of semi-mechanized harvest. On average, the harvester had a work for 23 workers in manual harvest. Mechanized harvest showed losses of 2.35% of potato yield, while the semi-mechanized harvest showed losses of 6.32%.

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This study aimed to test controlled levels of water deficiency in soil in mango trees, under microsprinkling irrigation, in semi-arid conditions, and to evaluate its effect in the productivity and fruits quality. The deficits were applied in the phases I, II and III of growth of the fruit, during the productive cycles of the mango tree in 2006 and 2007. The experiment in both cases was arranged in an entirely random design with 10 treatments and 3 repetitions, in the year I, and with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions in the year II. The values of soil water potential, of the treatments submitted to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), were placed in the range of 0 to -0.011 MPa, showing that the soil humidity varied between the saturation and the field capacity, not characterizing deficit water condition. The average values of stem water potential (Ψstem) varied between -0.90 and -1.74 MPa, evidencing significant effect (p <0.05) just for T1 (without irrigation), T7 and T8 (RDI with 30% of the ETc in the phases II and III, respectively). Through the variance analysis, significant differences were not verified among productivity, number of fruits per plant and size of the fruit, in none of the experiments, what indicates the possibility of reduction of the water use in the irrigation of the mango tree without significant losses of productivity and fruit quality.

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The Brazil's Biodiesel Production and Use Program introduces biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix, bringing along the perspective of a growth of the glycerin offer, co-product generated in the proportion of 10 kg for each 100 L of biodiesel. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of crude glycerin in the anaerobic digestion of cassava starch industry effluent (cassava wastewater), in a horizontal semi-continuous flow reactor of one phase in laboratory scale. It was used a reactor with a 8.77 L of useful volume, a medium support for corrugated conduit of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), temperature of 261 ºC, fed with cassava wastewater and glycerin, with hydraulic detention times of 4 and 5 days and increasing volumetric organic load of 3.05; 9.32; 14.83 and 13.59 g COD L-1 d-1, obtained with the addition of glycerin at 0; 2; 3 and 2% (v/v), respectively. The average removal efficiencies of TS and TVS were decreasing from the addition of glycerin to the cassava wastewater, averaging 81.19 to 55.58% for TS and 90.21 to 61.45% for TVS. The addition of glycerin at 2% increased the biogas production compared to the control treatment, reaching 1.979 L L-1 d-1. The biogas production as a function of the consumed COD was higher for the control treatment than for the treatments with addition of glycerin, which indicates lower conversion of organic matter into biogas.

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Chicken feet can be used as an alternative source of collagen for the development of new products. In this sense, the aim of this study was the production of a product similar to gelatin from collagen extracted from chicken feet and the evaluation of sensory quality. The products were produced in two distinct flavors, with grape flavor called GU and pineapple flavor called GA. Subsequently, we compared these formulations with gelatin of a trademark established in the market. We used in the verification of sensory acceptability of products a hedonic scale of 9 points and the availability of consuming the product by 30 untrained tasters. According to the results, all formulations showed good levels of acceptability, indicating the collagen from chicken feet as an alternative source of high quality in the production of gelatin.

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Henhouse thermal comfort and bird age influence broiler breeder hen productivity; this way, the present research aimed to assess thermal comfort indexes and broiler breeder hen performance during winter in North East semi-arid region from Brazil, using a Cobb Avian 48 broiler strain at the age of 38 and 50 weeks. We measured the following bioclimatic indexes: air temperature and relative humidity, black globe temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration and sound pressure levels at henhouse facility. Data analysis design was complete randomized in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three treatments (months) and three replications (week number of collection by month). A number of 25 climatic data were observed. Bioclimatic indexes at the most warm hours throughout the day promoted bird discomfort yet sound pressure and carbon dioxide levels were under the Brazilian standards. Even in thermal comfort zone at some hours, the productivity indexes were in compliance with those recommended by the strain creation guidebook.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the thermal efficiency of roofs used on individual shelters during milk-feeding stage of Girolando calves. The research was conducted at a farm located in a dry region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 27 Holstein × Gir dairy crossbred calves housed in shelters with three roofing materials (fibre cement tile, recycled tile, and thatched roofs). The recycled tiles and thatched roofs provided reductions of 18.7 and 14.6% in radiant thermal load, respectively. Regardless the roofing material, all animals increased their respiratory rate to maintain thermal equilibrium.

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OBJETIVO: determinar a prevalência e fatores de risco associados à anemia em gestantes da região semi-árida de Alagoas. MÉTODOS: estudo de caráter transversal envolvendo amostra (n=150) obtida, considerando a prevalência estimada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde de 52%, com erro de 8% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O processo de amostragem foi realizado em três estágios: 15 dentre os 38 municípios da região, quatro setores censitários por município e 24 domicílios por setor. Nestes, eram elegíveis todas as gestantes residentes, das quais se coletaram dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, antropométricos e de saúde. A anemia foi identificada por um nível de hemoglobina <11 g/dL e sua associação com os fatores de risco foi testada por meio de análise de regressão linear múltipla. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de anemia foi de 50%. Setenta e oito por cento das gestantes estavam sob acompanhamento pré-natal. Destas, 79,3% se encontravam no segundo ou terceiro trimestre de gestação. Contudo, apenas 21,2% faziam uso de suplemento de ferro. As variáveis associadas (p<0,05) de forma independente à anemia (gestantes anêmicas versus não anêmicas) foram: maior número de membros na família (4,5±2,3 versus 4,3±2,3; p=0,02), menor faixa etária da gestante (23,9±6,3 versus 24,7±6,7; p=0,04), bem como de seu companheiro (34,5±15,8 versus 36±17,5; p=0,03), não possuir vaso sanitário em casa (30,7 versus 24%; p<0,001), história de perda de filho por abortamento e/ou mortalidade (32,4 versus 16,4%; p<0,001), residência em zona rural (60 versus 46,7%; p=0,03), renda per capita

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Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder in women between menarche and menopause. Clinical hyperandrogenism is the most important diagnostic criterion of the syndrome, which manifests as hirsutism in 70% of cases. Hirsute carriers of PCOS have high cardiovascular risk. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an index for the evaluation of lipid accumulation in adults and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between LAP and hirsutism in women with PCOS. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study of a secondary database, which included 263 patients who had visited the Hyperandrogenism Outpatient Clinic from November 2009 to July 2014. The exclusion criteria were patients without Ferriman-Gallwey index (FGI) and/or LAP data. We used the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. All patients underwent medical assessment followed by measurement and recording of anthropometric data and the laboratory tests for measurement of the following: thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (follicular phase), glycohemoglobin A1c, and basal insulin. In addition, the subjects underwent lipid profiling and oral glucose tolerance tests. Other laboratory measurements were determined according to clinical criteria. LAP and the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR) were calculated using the data obtained. We divided patients into two groups: the PCOS group with normal LAP (< 34.5) and the PCOS group with altered LAP (> 34.5) to compare the occurrence of hirsutism. For statistical analysis, we used SPSS Statistics for Windows(r) and Microsoft Excel programs, with descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) and comparative analyses (Student's t-test and Chi-square test). We considered relations significant when the p-value was≤0.05. Results LAP was high in most patients (n = 177; 67.3%) and the FGI indicated that 58.5% of the patients (n = 154) had hirsutism. The analysis by LAP quartiles showed a positive correlation (p = 0.04) among patients with a high FGI and an upper quartile LAP (> 79.5) when compared with those with LAP < 29.0 (lower quartile). Conclusion This study demonstrated an association between high LAP and hirsutism. The FGI could represent a simple and low-cost tool to infer an increased cardiovascular risk in women with PCOS.