Insuficiência renal aguda por picada de abelhas: relato de casos

Rabdomiólise é uma síndrome caracterizada por injúria muscular, mais freqüentemente decorrente de esmagamento e traumas musculares. No entanto, a rabdomiólise pode ter também causas não traumáticas, como por exemplo, picadas de abelhas africanizadas. Descrevemos dois casos de rabdomiólise que apresentaram insuficiência renal aguda dialítica após várias picadas de abelhas.

Recurrent Acremonium infection in a kidney transplant patient treated with voriconazole: a case report

Acremonium infection is rare and associated with immunosuppression. A case of recurrent cutaneous Acremonium infection after short term voriconazole use is described. Surgical resection was the definitive therapy. Oral voriconazole was used in the treatment of Acremonium infection, but recurrence was associated with short therapy. Prolonged antifungal therapy and surgical resection are discussed for the treatment of localized lesions.

Amiloidose e insuficiência renal crônica terminal associada à hanseníase

O envolvimento renal na hanseníase é diverso, incluindo glomerulonefrites, amiloidose e nefrite túbulo-intersticial. Um homem de 58 anos foi admitido com edema de membros inferiores e dispnéia. Na admissão, havia retenção de escórias nitrogenadas, anemia, hipercalemia e acidose metabólica, com necessidade de hemodiálise. Referia história de hanseníase virchoviana. Foi realizada biopsia renal, compatível com amiloidose. O paciente evoluiu estável, sem recuperação da função renal, permanecendo em tratamento hemodialítico. A hanseníase deve ser investigada em todo paciente com perda de função renal, sobretudo naqueles que apresentam lesões cutâneas ou outras manifestações sugestivas de hanseníase.

Bloodstream infection in patients with end-stage renal disease in a teaching hospital in central-western Brazil

Introduction Vascular access in patients undergoing hemodialysis is considered a critical determinant of bloodstream infection (BSI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of BSI in patients with end-stage renal disease using central venous catheters for hemodialysis. Methods A cohort study was conducted in a public teaching hospital in central-western Brazil from April 2010 to December 2011. For every patient, we noted the presence of hyperemia/exudation upon catheter insertion, as well as fever, shivering, and chills during hemodialysis. Results Fifty-nine patients were evaluated. Thirty-five (59.3%) patients started dialysis due to urgency, 37 (62.7%) had BSI, and 12 (20%) died. Hyperemia at the catheter insertion site (64.9%) was a significant clinical manifestation in patients with BSI. Statistical analysis revealed 1.7 times more cases of BSI in patients with hypoalbuminemia compared with patients with normal albumin levels. The principal infective agents identified in blood cultures and catheter-tip cultures were Staphylococcus species (24 cases), non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (7 cases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 5 cases of Chryseobacterium indologenes), and Candida species (6). Among the Staphylococci identified, 77.7% were methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Of the bacteria isolated, the most resistant were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions Blood culture was demonstrated to be an important diagnostic test and identified over 50% of positive BSI cases. The high frequency of BSI and the isolation of multiresistant bacteria were disturbing findings. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated microorganism, although Gram-negative bacteria predominated overall. These results highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures in dialysis units.

Kidney function after left renal vein ligation in the dog

The ligature of the left renal vein is an alternative whenever this vessel is injured. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the affluents of the left renal vein, proximal to the ligature, to maintain tissue vitality and function of the left kidney. Fifteen mongrel male dogs were divided in 3 groups of 5 dogs: Group I (control) - a laparotomy was performed, and the abdominal structures were only identified; Group II - the left renal vein was tied, close to vena cava; Group III - the same procedure as for Group II and a right nephrectomy. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were measured before the procedure, and every 3 days during 4 weeks in the postoperative period. Renal arteriography and an excretory urogram were performed on the animals that survived 60 days. Thereafter, or immediately after precocious death, the kidneys were removed for histological examination. All the animals of Group III died before two months (mean = 10.5 +-3.2 days), while the animals of Group II survived during that period. There was a complete exclusion of the left kidney in all dogs that underwent renal vein ligature. In the animals of Group II, the renal cortico-medullary limits could not be identified. At microscopy, the aspect was suggestive of nephrosclerosis. In the animals of Group III, the left kidney was enlarged, and a great amount of intravascular and intrapelvic blood clots were observed. At microscopy, extensive areas of necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, and hemorrhage were identified. In conclusion, the tributaries of the renal vein were not sufficient to maintain the tissue vitality and function of the left kidney after ligature of its main vein.

Acute renal failure due to abdominal compartment syndrome: report on four cases and literature review

We report on 4 cases of abdominal compartment syndrome complicated by acute renal failure that were promptly reversed by different abdominal decompression methods. Case 1: A 57-year-old obese woman in the post-operative period after giant incisional hernia correction with an intra-abdominal pressure of 24 mm Hg. She was sedated and curarized, and the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 15 mm Hg. Case 2: A 73-year-old woman with acute inflammatory abdomen was undergoing exploratory laparotomy when a hypertensive pneumoperitoneum was noticed. During the surgery, enhancement of urinary output was observed. Case 3: An 18-year-old man who underwent hepatectomy and developed coagulopathy and hepatic bleeding that required abdominal packing, developed oliguria with a transvesical intra-abdominal pressure of 22 mm Hg. During reoperation, the compresses were removed with a prompt improvement in urinary flow. Case 4: A 46-year-old man with hepatic cirrhosis was admitted after incisional hernia repair with intra-abdominal pressure of 16 mm Hg. After paracentesis, the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 11 mm Hg.

Bilateral giant renal angiomyolipoma associated with hepatic lipoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of bilateral giant renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis, with successful treatment, and to review the literature concerning angiomyolipoma treatment. CASE REPORT: Patient with tuberous sclerosis and angiomyolipoma diagnosed by ultrasonography during her pregnancy. At that time, the angiomyolipoma on the right side was 9 cm in diameter. Conservative management was selected during her pregnancy. The patient returned 7 years later, with a 24.7 x 19.2 x 10.7 cm tumor on the right side and another of 13 x 11.5 x 6.5 cm on the left side, in addition to multiple small angiomyolipomas. A nephron-sparing surgery with tumoral enucleation was performed on the right side, and after 3 months, the tumor on the left side was removed. Renal function in the post-operative period was preserved, and contrast medium progression was uniform and adequate in both kidneys. CONCLUSION: We conclude that an angiomyolipoma larger than 4 cm should be removed surgically, since they have a greater growth rate and pose a risk of hemorrhage. Resection of smaller tumors is safe and has decreased morbidity. Tumoral enucleation is an effective treatment method that preserves kidney function.

Renal and urinary findings in 20 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

PURPOSE: Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare multiple anomalies/mental retardation syndrome caused by deletion of contiguous genes at chromosome region 7q11.23. The aim of this work was to determine the frequency and the types of renal and urinary tract anomalies in 20 patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. METHODS: The fluorescence in situ hybridization test using a LSI Williams syndrome region DNA probe was performed for all 20 patients to confirm the diagnosis of Williams-Beuren syndrome. A prospective study was performed in order to investigate renal and urinary aspects using laboratory assays to check renal function, ultrasonography of the kidneys and urinary tract, voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamics. RESULTS: Deletion of the elastin gene (positive fluorescence in situ hybridization test) was found in 17 out of 20 patients. Renal alterations were diagnosed in 5 of 17 (29%) the patients with the deletion and in 1 of 3 patients without the deletion. Fourteen patients with the deletion presented dysfunctional voiding. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 3 patients with deletions and 1 of these presented bilateral stenosis of the renal arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high incidence of renal and urinary abnormalities in Williams-Beuren syndrome, performing a systematic laboratory and sonographic evaluation of the patients is recommended.

Transtornos depressivos em crianças com leucemia linfoide aguda e com insuficiência renal crônica terminal: estudo de série de casos

OBJETIVO: Investigar a presença de transtornos depressivos em crianças portadoras de leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) e insuficiência renal crônica terminal (IRCT) atendidas no IMIP. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo do tipo série de casos, composto por 52 crianças entre 8 e 15 anos portadoras de LLA e de IRCT. RESULTADOS: Três (5,8%) casos preenchiam os critérios para episódio depressivo maior (EDM), sendo dois portadores de IRCT e um portador de LLA. Oito (15,4%) preenchiam os critérios para transtorno distímico (TD), todos eles portadores de IRCT. A associação entre faixa etária e EDM não foi significativa (p=0,327). Entretanto, a faixa etária foi significante em relação ao TD (p=0,014), todos os seus portadores tinham entre 12 e 15 anos de idade. A associação entre os transtornos depressivos e o tempo de evolução da doença de base não foi significante. Contudo, observou-se uma tendência a quanto maior o tempo de evolução da doença de base, maior a associação com o TD. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de EDM ficou dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura para escolares saudáveis, entretanto, a de TD foi mais alta. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre as faixas etárias no diagnóstico de EDM. Porém, corroborando a literatura, a faixa etária maior prevaleceu em relação ao TD.

Modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva como preditora de sintomas depressivos

Objetivos Comparar a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos entre dois grupos homogêneos de pacientes em diálise, um em hemodiálise (HD) e outro em diálise peritoneal (DP), verificando o possível papel preditor do método, assim como avaliar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas no diagnóstico deste transtorno. Métodos Amostra envolveu dois grupos homogêneos de pacientes em TRS, 30 em HD e 30 em DP. Aplicou-se o Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), escala que avalia a presença e intensidade de sintomas depressivos. Resultados Os grupos apresentavam características sociodemográficas e clínicas semelhantes, exceto quanto à escolaridade. A média de pontos do BDI no grupo HD foi maior que no grupo DP: 12,53 versus 11,13 (p = 0,352). A presença de sintomas depressivos no grupo em HD ocorreu em 36,7% dos pacientes contra apenas 23,3% do grupo DP (OR 1,9 [IC 0,61 – 5,86]). Não houve diferenças quanto às variáveis, exceto escolaridade. Dos pacientes com ensino fundamental I, 52,9% apresentaram sintomas. Nos pacientes com ensino médio ou superior, a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos foi 20% (p = 0,051). Conclusão Houve tendência à ocorrência de sintomas depressivos em pacientes em HD quando comparados aos pacientes em DP. O risco dessa ocorrência foi quase duas vezes maior nos em HD. Menor escolaridade associou-se à ocorrência de sintomas. As médias da pontuação do BDI nos dois grupos não foram significantes.

Heart transplant in a patient with complete absence of the pericardium

We report the case of a heart transplant in which the recipient patient had a total congenital absence of the pericardium. Associated with this, we found a major disproportion between the size of the recipient's mediastinal cavity and the size of the donor's heart. To prevent twisting of the great arteries, we placed the graft on the left diaphragm muscle and beneath the left lung, which resulted in an uneventful early and late postoperative course.

Outcome of acute renal failure associated with cardiac surgery in infants

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of acute renal failure (ARF) on the evolution of infants undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: We assessed 15 infants undergoing cardiac surgery who developed (ARF). Their demographic, clinical and surgical data, and evolution were analyzed. RESULTS: Their mean age was 4.4±4.0 months (8 days to 24 months). Twelve infants were males, and 4 patients already had ARF at surgery. The primary cause of ARF was immediate acute cardiac dysfunction in 10 infants, cardiac dysfunction associated with sepsis in 2 infants, and isolated sepsis in 3 infants. All children depended on mechanical ventilation during their postoperative period, 14 infants used vasoactive drugs, and 11 had an infectious process associated with ARF. Thirteen infants required dialytic treatment. Eleven infants developed oluguric ARF, and all had to undergo peritoneal dialysis; of the 4 patients with non-oliguric, 2 required dialysis, the main indication being hypervolemia. Of these 13 dialyzed infants, 4 died in the first 24 hours because of the severity of the underlying cardiac disease (mean urea level of 49±20 mg/dl). The mortality rate for the entire group was 60% , and it was higher among the patients with oliguria ARF (73% vs 25%, p<0.001). The cause of death was acute cardiac dysfunction in 6 infants (early type-1ARF) and sepsis in the 3 remaining infants (late type-2 ARF). CONCLUSION: The mortality rate of ARF associated with cardiac surgery in infants was hight, being higher among children with oliguria; peritoneal dialysis was indicated due to clinically uncontrolled hypervolemia and not to the uremic hypercatabolic state.

Effects of high glucose concentrations on the endothelial function of the renal microcirculation of rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of high glucose concentrations on vascular reactivity in the isolated non diabetic rabbit kidney. METHODS: Rabbits were anaesthetized for isolation of the kidneys. Renal arteries and veins were cannulated for perfusion with Krebs-Henselleit solution and measurement of perfusion pressure. After 3 hours of perfusion with glucose 5,5 mM (control ) and 15 mM, the circulation was submitted to sub maximal precontraction (80% of maximal response) trough continuous infusion of noradrenaline 10 mM. Vascular reactivity was then assessed trough dose-responses curves with endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. The influence of hyperosmolarity was analyzed with perfusion with mannitol 15mM. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in glucose 15mM group was observed compared to that in control, but there was no difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation. After perfusion with mannitol 15 mM, a less expressive reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation was observed, only reaching significance in regard to the greatest dose of acetylcholine. CONCLUSION: High levels of glucose similar to those found in diabetic patients in the postprandial period can cause significant acute changes in renal vascular reactivity rabbits. In diabetic patients these effects may also occur and contribute to diabetes vascular disease.

Insuficiência renal aguda após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea: incidência, fatores de risco e mortalidade

OBJETIVO: Identificar a incidência, fatores de risco e mortalidade de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA), em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para revascularização miocárdica com circulação extracorpórea. MÉTODOS: Estudados prospectivamente todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica e as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais analisadas através de métodos uni e multivariado (regressão logística). RESULTADOS: Insuficiência renal aguda ocorreu em 16,1% dos 223 pacientes estudados, diálise foi necessária em 4,9% dos pacientes. Os fatores de risco associados à IRA na análise univariada foram: idade > 63 anos OR 3,6 (95% IC=1,6 a 8,3), creatinina sérica pré-operatória > 1,2 mg/dl OR 5,9 (95% IC=2,4 a 14,6), duração da circulação extracorpórea > 90 min OR 2,1 (95% IC=1,0 a 4,4), uso de balão intra-aórtico OR 2,6 (95% IC=1,2 a 5,5); necessidade de drogas inotrópicas OR 4,4 (95% IC=1,9 a 10,2) e, na análise multivariada, foram fatores independentes associados à IRA idade > 63 anos OR 3,0 (95% IC=1,3 a 7,2), creatinina sérica pré-operatória > 1,2 mg/dl OR 4,3 (95% IC=1,6 a 11,4), necessidade de drogas inotrópicas OR 3,2 (95% IC=1,3 a 8,0). A mortalidade nos pacientes com IRA foi de 25,0 % em comparação com 1,1% entre os sem IRA e 63,6% entre os que necessitaram de diálise. CONCLUSÃO: Insuficiência renal aguda em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica é uma complicação freqüente e está associada à alta mortalidade. Sendo fatores de risco independentes: idade, insuficiência renal prévia e necessidade de drogas inotrópicas.