Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in São Paulo State, Brazil: a pilot study

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common autosomal recessive hereditary diseases in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1:2000 to 1:3500 liveborns. More than 1000 mutations have been described with the most common being F508del. It has a prevalence of 23-55% within the Brazilian population. The lack of population-based studies evaluating the incidence of cystic fibrosis in São Paulo State, Brazil, and an analysis concerning the costs of implantation of a screening program motivated the present study. A total of 60,000 dried blood samples from Guthrie cards obtained from April 2005 to January 2006 for neonatal screening at 4 reference centers in São Paulo State were analyzed. The immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)/IRT protocol was used with the cut-off value being 70 ng/mL. A total of 532 children (0.9%) showed IRT >70 ng/mL and a 2nd sample was collected from 418 (80.3%) of these patients. Four affected children were detected at two centers, corresponding to an incidence of 1:8403. The average age at diagnosis was 69 days, and 3 of the children already showed severe symptoms of the disease. The rate of false-positive results was 95.2% and the positive predictive value for the test was 8%. The cost of detecting an affected subject was approximately US$8,000.00 when this cystic fibrosis program was added to an existing neonatal screening program. The present study clearly shows the difficulties involved in cystic fibrosis screening using the IRT/IRT protocol, particularly in a population with no long-term tradition of neonatal screening.

Frequency of 8 CFTR gene mutations in cystic fibrosis patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil, diagnosed by neonatal screening

The nature and frequency of cystic fibrosis mutations in Brazil is not uniform due to the highly varied ethnic composition of the population. The average frequency of the F508del mutation has been reported to be 48.6%. Other common mutations in Brazil are G542X, R1162X, and N1303K. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of 8 mutations (F508del, G542X, R1162X, N1303K, W1282X, G85E, 3120+1G>A, and 711+1G>T) in a sample of 111 newborn patients with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by the Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Program of Minas Gerais State. The mutations were tested by allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR with specially designed primers. An allele frequency of 48.2% was observed for the F508del mutation, and allele frequencies of 5.41, 4.50, 4.05, and 3.60% were found for the R1162X, G542X, 3120+1G>A, and G85E mutations, respectively. The genotypes obtained were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These data demonstrate that the 8-mutation panel studied here has extensive coverage (68%) for the cystic fibrosis mutations in Minas Gerais. These data improve our knowledge of cystic fibrosis in Brazil, particularly in this region. In addition, this investigation contributed to the establishment of a sensitive and population-specific mutation panel, which can be helpful for molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Caspase dependence of the death of neonatal retinal ganglion cells induced by axon damage and induction of autophagy as a survival mechanism

We examined the degeneration of post-mitotic ganglion cells in ex-vivo neonatal retinal explants following axon damage. Ultrastructural features of both apoptosis and autophagy were detected. Degenerating cells reacted with antibodies specific for activated caspase-3 or -9, consistent with the presence of caspase activity. Furthermore, peptidic inhibitors of caspase-9, -6 or -3 prevented cell death (100 µM Ac-LEDH-CHO, 50 µM Ac-VEID-CHO and 10 µM Z-DEVD-fmk, respectively). Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by 7-10 mM 3-methyl-adenine increased the rate of cell death. Immunohistochemistry data, caspase activation and caspase inhibition data suggest that axotomy of neonatal retinal ganglion cells triggers the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which, in turn, is counteracted by a pro-survival autophagic response, demonstrated by electron microscopy profiles and pharmacological autophagy inhibitor.

Effect of hyperoxia on the intestinal IgA secretory component in neonatal rats and on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro

Oxygen therapy is essential for the treatment of some neonatal critical care conditions but its extrapulmonary effects have not been adequately investigated. We therefore studied the effects of various oxygen concentrations on intestinal epithelial cell function. In order to assess the effects of hyperoxia on the intestinal immunological barrier, we studied two physiological changes in neonatal rats exposed to hyperoxia: the change in intestinal IgA secretory component (SC, an important component of SIgA) and changes in intestinal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect changes in the intestinal tissue SC of neonatal rats. To detect intestinal epithelial cell growth, cells were counted, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Giemsa staining were used to assess cell survival. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine SC expression. The expression of intestinal SC in neonatal rats under hyperoxic conditions was notably increased compared with rats inhaling room air (P < 0.01). In vitro, 40% O2 was beneficial for cell growth. However, 60% O2 and 90% O2 induced rapid cell death. Also, 40% O2 induced expression of SC by intestinal epithelial cells, whereas 60% O2did not; however, 90% O2 limited the ability of intestinal epithelial cells to express SC. In vivo and in vitro, moderate hyperoxia brought about increases in intestinal SC. This would be expected to bring about an increase in intestinal SIgA. High levels of SC and SIgA would serve to benefit hyperoxia-exposed individuals by helping to maintain optimal conditions in the intestinal tract.

Analysis of acylcarnitine profiles in umbilical cord blood and during the early neonatal period by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Acylcarnitine profiling by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is a potent tool for the diagnosis and screening of fatty acid oxidation and organic acid disorders. Few studies have analyzed free carnitine and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots (DBS) of umbilical cord blood (CB) and the postnatal changes in the concentrations of these analytes. We have investigated these metabolites in healthy exclusively breastfed neonates and examined possible effects of birth weight and gestational age. DBS of CB were collected from 162 adequate for gestational age neonates. Paired DBS of heel-prick blood were collected 4-8 days after birth from 106 of these neonates, the majority exclusively breastfed. Methanol extracts of DBS with deuterium-labeled internal standards were derivatized before analysis by ESI-MS/MS. Most of the analytes were measured using a full-scan method. The levels of the major long-chain acylcarnitines, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, and oleoylcarnitine, increased by 27, 12, and 109%, respectively, in the first week of life. Free carnitine and acetylcarnitine had a modest increase: 8 and 11%, respectively. Propionylcarnitine presented a different behavior, decreasing 9% during the period. The correlations between birth weight or gestational age and the concentrations of the analytes in DBS were weak (r £ 0.20) or nonsignificant. Adaptation to breast milk as the sole source of nutrients can explain the increase of these metabolites along the early neonatal period. Acylcarnitine profiling in CB should have a role in the early detection of metabolic disorders in high-risk neonates.

Decreased levels of pNR1 S897 protein in the cortex of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats with hypoxic-ischemic or NMDA-induced brain damage

Our objective was to investigate the protein level of phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-1 at serine 897 (pNR1 S897) in both NMDA-induced brain damage and hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), and to obtain further evidence that HIBD in the cortex is related to NMDA toxicity due to a change of the pNR1 S897 protein level. At postnatal day 7, male and female Sprague Dawley rats (13.12 ± 0.34 g) were randomly divided into normal control, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) cerebral microinjection, HIBD, and NMDA cerebral microinjection groups. Immunofluorescence and Western blot (N = 10 rats per group) were used to examine the protein level of pNR1 S897. Immunofluorescence showed that control and PBS groups exhibited significant neuronal cytoplasmic staining for pNR1 S897 in the cortex. Both HIBD and NMDA-induced brain damage markedly decreased pNR1 S897 staining in the ipsilateral cortex, but not in the contralateral cortex. Western blot analysis showed that at 2 and 24 h after HIBD, the protein level of pNR1 S897 was not affected in the contralateral cortex (P > 0.05), whereas it was reduced in the ipsilateral cortex (P < 0.05). At 2 h after NMDA injection, the protein level of pNR1 S897 in the contralateral cortex was also not affected (P > 0.05). The levels in the ipsilateral cortex were decreased, but the change was not significant (P > 0.05). The similar reduction in the protein level of pNR1 S897 following both HIBD and NMDA-induced brain damage suggests that HIBD is to some extent related to NMDA toxicity possibly through NR1 phosphorylation of serine 897.

Neonatal hyper- and hypothyroidism alter the myoglobin gene expression program in adulthood

Myoglobin acts as an oxygen store and a reactive oxygen species acceptor in muscles. We examined myoglobin mRNA in rat cardiac ventricle and skeletal muscles during the first 42 days of life and the impact of transient neonatal hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the myoglobin gene expression pattern. Cardiac ventricle and skeletal muscles of Wistar rats at 7-42 days of life were quickly removed, and myoglobin mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis. Rats were treated with propylthiouracil (5-10 mg/100 g) and triiodothyronine (0.5-50 µg/100 g) for 5, 15, or 30 days after birth to induce hypo- and hyperthyroidism and euthanized either just after treatment or at 90 days. During postnatal (P) days 7-28, the ventricle myoglobin mRNA remained unchanged, but it gradually increased in skeletal muscle (12-fold). Triiodothyronine treatment, from days P0-P5, increased the skeletal muscle myoglobin mRNA 1.5- to 4.5-fold; a 2.5-fold increase was observed in ventricle muscle, but only when triiodothyronine treatment was extended to day P15. Conversely, hypothyroidism at P5 markedly decreased (60%) ventricular myoglobin mRNA. Moreover, transient hyperthyroidism in the neonatal period increased ventricle myoglobin mRNA (2-fold), and decreased heart rate (5%), fast muscle myoglobin mRNA (30%) and body weight (20%) in adulthood. Transient hypothyroidism in the neonatal period also permanently decreased fast muscle myoglobin mRNA (30%) and body weight (14%). These results indicated that changes in triiodothyronine supply in the neonatal period alter the myoglobin expression program in ventricle and skeletal muscle, leading to specific physiological repercussions and alterations in other parameters in adulthood.

Early neonatal echocardiographic findings in an experimental rabbit model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

This study aimed to demonstrate that congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) results in vascular abnormalities that are directly associated with the severity of pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension. These events increase right ventricle (RV) afterload and may adversely affect disease management and patient survival. Our objective was to investigate cardiac function, specifically right ventricular changes, immediately after birth and relate them to myocardial histological findings in a CDH model. Pregnant New Zealand rabbits underwent the surgical procedure at 25 days of gestation (n=14). CDH was created in one fetus per horn (n=16), and the other fetuses were used as controls (n=20). At term (30 days), fetuses were removed, immediately dried and weighed before undergoing four-parameter echocardiography. The lungs and the heart were removed, weighed, and histologically analyzed. CDH animals had smaller total lung weight (P<0.005), left lung weight (P<0.005), and lung-to-body ratio (P<0.005). Echocardiography revealed a smaller left-to-right ventricle ratio (LV/RV, P<0.005) and larger diastolic right ventricle size (DRVS, P<0.007). Histologic analysis revealed a larger number of myocytes undergoing mitotic division (186 vs 132, P<0.05) in CDH hearts. Immediate RV dilation of CDH hearts is related to myocyte mitosis increase. This information may aid the design of future strategies to address pulmonary hypertension in CDH.

Comparative pathogenicity of Coxsackievirus A16 circulating and noncirculating strains in vitro and in a neonatal mouse model

An enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HMFD) is available, but it is not known whether the EV71 vaccine cross-protects against Coxsackievirus (CV) infection. Furthermore, although an inactivated circulating CVA16 Changchun 024 (CC024) strain vaccine candidate is effective in newborn mice, the CC024 strain causes severe lesions in muscle and lung tissues. Therefore, an effective CV vaccine with improved pathogenic safety is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo safety and in vitro replication capability of a noncirculating CVA16 SHZH05 strain. The replication capacity of circulating CVA16 strains CC024, CC045, CC090 and CC163 and the noncirculating SHZH05 strain was evaluated by cytopathic effect in different cell lines. The replication capacity and pathogenicity of the CC024 and SHZH05 strains were also evaluated in a neonatal mouse model. Histopathological and viral load analyses demonstrated that the SHZH05 strain had an in vitro replication capacity comparable to the four CC strains. The CC024, but not the SHZH05 strain, became distributed in a variety of tissues and caused severe lesions and mortality in neonatal mice. The differences in replication capacity and in vivo pathogenicity of the CC024 and SHZH05 strains may result from differences in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of viral functional polyproteins P1, P2 and P3. Our findings suggest that the noncirculating SHZH05 strain may be a safer CV vaccine candidate than the CC024 strain.

Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on mitochondrial function of neuronal cells in the cortex of neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

The timing and mechanisms of protection by hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) have only been partially elucidated. We monitored the effect of HBO on the mitochondrial function of neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats after HIBD. Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (total of 360 of both genders) were randomly divided into normal control, HIBD, and HIBD+HBO groups. The HBO treatment began immediately after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and continued once a day for 7 consecutive days. Animals were euthanized 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h post-HI to monitor the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) occurring soon after a single dose of HBO treatment, as well as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days post-HI to study ΔΨm changes after a series of HBO treatments. Fluctuations in ΔΨm were observed in the ipsilateral cortex in both HIBD and HIBD+HBO groups. Within 2 to 12 h after HI insult, the ΔΨm of the HIBD and HIBD+HBO groups recovered to some extent. A secondary drop in ΔΨm was observed in both groups during the 1-4 days post-HI period, but was more severe in the HIBD+HBO group. There was a secondary recovery of ΔΨm observed in the HIBD+HBO group, but not in the HIBD group, during the 5-7 days period after HI insult. HBO therapy may not lead to improvement of neural cell mitochondrial function in the cerebral cortex in the early stage post-HI, but may improve it in the sub-acute stage post-HI.

Fatores etiológicos da deficiência auditiva em crianças e adolescentes de um centro de referência APADA em Salvador-BA

A audição representa a principal fonte para aquisição das habilidades de linguagem e fala da criança. A criança portadora de deficiência auditiva nos primeiros meses de vida é privada de estimulação sonora no período mais importante de seu desenvolvimento, e conseqüentemente, poderá apresentar alterações emocionais, sociais, e lingüísticas. Neste contexto é de suma relevância conhecer os principais fatores etiológicos que ocasionam a lesão auditiva para se traçar um perfil nosológico fidedigno, e serem tomadas as medidas cabíveis de prevenção e orientação as famílias sobre as repercussões da deficiência auditiva na infância. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o perfil etiológico da deficiência auditiva em um centro de referência para atendimento a crianças e adolescentes deficientes auditivos. METODOLOGIA: Foram realizadas entrevistas, triagem fonoaudiológica e avaliação de prontuários de 87 crianças deficientes auditivas cadastradas na Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Deficientes Auditivos do Estado da Bahia(APADA-BA), buscando-se determinar a etiologia, distribuição por sexo, idade do diagnóstico, grau de deficiência, idade de protetização e da reabilitação fonoaudiológica. RESULTADOS: Dentre as 87 crianças e adolescentes que passaram pela triagem fonoaudiológica, selecionamos uma amostra de 53 sujeitos, cujos pais compareceram as três sessões de anamnese e avaliação. O principal fator etiológico responsável pela deficiência auditiva na população avaliada foi a rubéola materna responsável por 32% dos casos de surdez, seguida pela meningite piogênica com 20%, causa idiopática com 15%, prematuridade com 9%, hereditariedade (pai ou mãe surdo) e icterícia neonatal também apresentaram incidência de 6%; otite média crônica representou 4%, uso de misoprostol na gestação, sarampo, ototoxicidade e caxumba apareceram na amostra, cada fator, com 2%. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo demonstrou a heterogeneidade de fatores que ocasionam o comprometimento auditivo, e como as duas principais causas (rubéola e meningite piogênica) ainda apresentam uma incidência alta na população em estudo. Acreditamos que medidas de prevenção devem ser tomadas, principalmente na profilaxia da rubéola materna e na vacinação ampliada de neonatos e lactentes contra a meningite bacteriana.

Achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor

Doenças congênitas e adquiridas das vias aéreas podem causar dispnéia e estridor em crianças. Nas UTIs tem-se registrado maior sobrevida de prematuros, porém também elevada incidência de complicações relacionadas à intubação. OBJETIVO: Analisar retrospectivamente os achados endoscópicos em crianças com estridor. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados 55 prontuários de crianças com estridor, submetidas aos exames endoscópicos de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2003. Endoscopias foram: estridor pós-extubação (63,63%) e avaliação de estridor neonatal (21,82%). Observou-se alto índice de doenças associadas, como pulmonares (60%), neurológicas (45,4%) e DRGE (40%). Os principais achados endoscópicos e as indicações de traqueotomia foram: estenose subglótica (27,27%) e processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas (21,82%), principalmente em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Lesões congênitas foram mais freqüentes em crianças com menos de um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O estridor na infância possui múltiplas etiologias, sendo as relacionadas à intubação traqueal as mais freqüentes em hospitais com atendimento de doenças complexas. Pediatras e otorrinolaringologistas devem conhecer as causas de estridor, realizando avaliação clínica detalhada para determinar a gravidade do caso. O exame endoscópico deverá ser minucioso e detalhado.

Os níveis de saúde na região da Grande São Paulo

Os níveis de saúde foram estudados, através de um série histórica, para a área metropolitana de São Paulo, formada por 37 municípios com uma população aproximada de 8 milhões de habitantes. A análise por sub-região e por município apresentou-se limitada, uma vez que os dados de estatística vital são registrados pelo local de ocorrência e não de procedência, podendo ocorrer superestimação dos valores dos coeficientes para as áreas onde os recursos de saúde são mais disponíveis - o caso do município de São Paulo - funcionando êste como centro polarizador de assistência médica. O decréscimo de mortalidade geral nos últimos 8 anos foi discreto, passando de 8,53 para 7,67 óbitos por mil habitantes. Tal valor não pode ser considerado satisfatório por ser jovem a população da área estudada (40% menor de 20 anos). A curva de Nelson de Moraes (curva de Mortalidade Proporcional) tendeu para a forma de um "J" normal, caracterizando um nível de saúde regular da área estudada. De acordo com as principais causas de óbitos, as condições de saúde demonstram um estágio insatisfatório, pois, embora as doenças do Aparelho Circulatório e Neoplasmas figurem como as duas primeiras causas, à semelhança dos países desenvolvidos, a seguir predominam as doenças da primeira Infância, do Aparelho Respiratório, Digestivo, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, como ocorre em áreas subdesenvolvidas. Pelas principais causas de óbitos, a Região da Grande São Paulo coloca-se numa situação intermediária entre áreas subdesenvolvidas e desenvolvidas. Entre os principais óbitos ocorridos por moléstias transmissíveis destacaram-se, por ordem decrescente de grandeza, a Tuberculose, Sarampo, Sífilis, Tétano, Disenteria, Coqueluche e Difteria. O coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil a partir de 1961 começou aumentar (61,34/1000), alcançando em 1967 o valor de 74,92/1000. Êste aumento se deveu tanto à mortalidade neonatal como à infantil tardia. A mesma tendência se verificou para o Município e o Estado de São Paulo, denotando, portanto, uma piora nas condições de saúde. Tal fato é incompatível com as características da área, uma vez que é a região mais urbanizada e desenvolvida sócio-econômicamente, não só do Estado, como do país e talvez da América Latina. Entre as principais causas de óbitos na Mortalidade Infantil, destacam-se em ordem decrescente as causas Pré-natais, Natais e Neonatais, Doenças do Aparelho Digestivo, Doenças do Aparelho Respiratório e Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias. As principais moléstias transmissíveis na mortalidade infantil foram em ordem decrescente: Sarampo, Coqueluche, Tétano, Tuberculose, Disenteria, Infecções meningocócicas, Varíola e Encefalite. Entre os principais fatôres predisponentes, assinalou-se: precária assistência materno-infantil, carência de leitos gratuitos em maternidade, alta proporção de nascimentos domiciliares, falta de pessoal especializado para atendimento infantil, inadequadas condições de saneamento (40% da população sem rêde pública de água e 65% sem rêde de esgôto), deficit de leitos hospitalares infantis para a população de menor poder aquisitivo e, sobretudo, baixo nível sócio-econômico de uma boa parcela da população em estudo.

Causas de mortalidade na infância, região de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil

Descrição do estudo de 1124 óbitos de menores de 5 anos, residentes em áreas urbanas da região de Ribeirão Preto, no período de julho de 1968 a junho de 1970, através da coleta de todas as informações registradas nos serviços assistenciais e de informações, obtidas em entrevistas às famílias e junto aos médicos responsáveis pelo atendimento. Foi observado o predomínio de óbitos no período neonatal. O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil foi estimado em 52,4 por mil nascidos vivos. Foi evidenciada a importância das causas infecciosas e as perinatais, chamando a atenção para os problemas assistenciais junto à infância, principalmente a escassez de pessoal paramédico treinado.

Alguns aspectos da mortalidade de crianças em Osasco, S.P., Brasil

Foi estudada a mortalidade de menores de um ano do município de Osasco, no período de 1967 a 1971, utilizando-se a mortalidade proporcional por idade, bem como os coeficientes de mortalidade infantil e coeficientes específicos de mortalidade para menores de um dia, crianças de um a 6 dias e de 7 a 27 dias. Com os resultados obtidos pretende-se caracterizar o município de Osasco como uma área não desenvolvida, quanto a este aspecto na qual está ocorrendo uma piora das condições de saúde, da assistência à infância e à maternidade, bem como do saneamento do meio.