Barriers for HIV testing during pregnancy in Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess HIV testing rate and determine risk factors for not have been tested during pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, from December 2000 to February 2001. Socioeconomic, maternal and healthcare variables were obtained by means of a standardized questionnaire. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were obtained in logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1,642 mothers were interviewed. Of them, 94.3% reported being offered HIV testing before or during pregnancy or during labor; 89 mothers (5.4%) were not tested or did not know if they were tested. Attending fewer than six prenatal visits, being single and younger than 18 years old were relevant barriers preventing HIV testing. There was found a relationship between maternal schooling and the category of prenatal care provider. Having low 22.20 (12.43-39.67) or high 3.38 (1.86-7.68). schooling and being cared in the private sector strongly reduced the likelihood of being HIV tested. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Health Ministry's recommendation for universal counseling and HIV testing has been successfully implemented in the public sector. In order to improve HIV testing coverage, new strategies need to target women cared in the private sector especially those of low schooling.

Brazilian version of the Quality of Care Scale: the perspective of people with disabilities

OBJECTIVE To analyze evidence of the validity and reliability of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Quality of Care Scale from the perspective of people with physical and intellectual disabilities.METHODS There were 162 people with physical disabilities and 156 with intellectual disabilities from Porto Alegre and metropolitan region, who participated in the study in 2008. Classical psychometrics was used to independently analyze the two samples. Hypotheses for evidence of criterion validity (concurrent type) were tested with the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal distributions. Principal components analysis was used to explore factorial models. Evidence of reliability was calculated with Cronbach alpha for the scales and subscales. Test-retest reliability was analyzed for individuals with intellectual disabilities through intra-class correlation coefficient and the Willcoxon test.RESULTS The principal components in the group with physical disabilities replicated the original model presented as a solution to the international project data. Evidence of discriminant validity and test-retest reliability was found.CONCLUSIONS The transcultural factor model found within the international sample project seems appropriate for the samples investigated in this study, especially the physical disabilities group. Depression, pain, satisfaction with life and disability may play a mediating role in the evaluation of quality of care. Additional research is needed to add to evidence of the validity of the instruments.

Use of the Brazilian People’s Pharmacy Program by older adults

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and factors associated with the use of the expanded Brazilian People’s Pharmacy Program among older adults and the reasons for not using it. METHODS In this population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the urban area of Pelotas, RS, Southern Brazil, we evaluated 1,305 older adults (aged 60 years or over) who had used medication in the last 15 days. Independent variables were socioeconomic factors, economic status, household income in minimum wages, educational attainment in years of schooling and occupational status. Demographic variables were sex, age, marital status, and self-reported skin color/race. Poisson regression was employed to analyze the factors associated with the use of the program. RESULTS The prevalence of use was 57.0% whilst the prevalence of knowledge of the program was 87.0%. In individuals aged 80 years or over, use of the program was 41.0%. As to the origin of the prescriptions used by older adults, 46.0% were from the Brazilian Unified Health System. The main reasons for not using the program were: difficulty in getting prescriptions, medication shortage, and ignorance about the medications offered and about the program. Higher age, lower income, presence of chronic diseases, and use of four or more medications were associated with use of the program. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to expand the knowledge and use of the Brazilian People’s Pharmacy Program, especially among older adults, and to improve the dissemination of its list of medications to users and physicians. Thus it will be possible to reduce spending on long-term medications, which are especially important for this population.

Infecção por clonorchis sinensis em imigrantes asiáticos no Brasil: tratamento com praziquantel

Estudaram-se quinze pacientes com infecção assintomática por Clonorchis sinensis, revelada através de exame parasitológico de fezes. Todos eram de origem asiática e procuraram o Laboratório Central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz para se submeterem a exames laboratoriais necessários à regularização de sua situação, face à nova legislação sobre imigrantes. Eram todos indivíduos adultos, seis pertencendo ao sexo feminino e nove ao masculino. Os quinze pacientes com clonorquíase foram internados no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP e tratados com Praziquantel, na dosagem de 60 mg/kg de peso corporal, dividida em duas tomadas. Foram realizados exames coprológicos quantitativos (método de Kato-Katz), antes do tratamento específico e no 15º, 30º e 60º dias após a terapêutica. Na última avaliação (60? dia após terapêutica), em nove pacientes (60,0%) não se encontraram ovos do trematódeo nas fezes e nos seis (40,0%), que continuavam eliminando ovos, notou-se redução na quantidade eliminada (superior a 90% em cinco e a 30% no paciente restante). Os pacientes foram também submetidos a exames subsidiários, para avaliação do estado geral e função hepática, antes da administração de Praziquantel e, posteriormente, no seguimento ambulatorial. A medicação foi relativamente bem tolerada pelos pacientes, verificando-se a ocorrência de efeitos colaterais representados por náuseas e vômitos (dois casos), vertigens e tonturas (dois casos), epigastralgia (dois casos) e diarréia no 3? dia após tratamento (um caso).

Sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae isolados de líquido cefalorraquidiano no período de 1977-1988 na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Desde 1977, o Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL) vem promovendo a sorotipagem do S. pneumoniae ou pneumococo de infecções causadas por esta bacteria. As cepas isoladas têm sido encaminhadas ao WHO Pneumococcal Reference Center, Pensilvania, E.U.A.. De 1977 a 1988, 1.000 cepas de pneumococo isoladas de LCR foram sorotipadas, de acordo com a nomenclatura dinamarquesa, e 60 sorotipos foram identificados. A maior freqüência foi do sorotipo 1, secundado por 6B, 18C, 14, 5, 3, 6A, 23F, 19F e 38. Estes sorotipos distribuídos segundo faixas etárias demonstraram incidência variável, notando-se uma certa peculiaridade, ou seja, a predominância do sorotipo 6B na faixa de zero a menos de dois anos; do sorotipo 1 na faixa de 2 até 50 anos e do sorotipo 3 no grupo acima de 50 anos. Nos 12 anos considerados, 25 sorotipos apresentaram uma certa uniformidade na freqüência e o mesmo foi observado com relação às estações climáticas, apenas com um número maior de infecções meníngeas nos meses mais frios. Considerando a gravidade das infecções pneumocócicas notadamente as meningites, e a pouca informação relativa aos sorotipos pneumocócicos que ocorrem na região, julgamos importante essa informação relativa aos sorotipos, uma vez que tem sido usadas, com sucesso, vacinas polissacarídicas na prevenção dessas infecções.

Paracoccidioidomicose: estudo radiológico e pulmonar de 58 casos

Provas funcionais respiratórias foram realizadas em 58 pacientes com Paracoccidioidomicose (Pbmicose) pulmonar uni e multifocal em 52; tumoral em 5 e genital feminino interno em 01. A idade oscilou de 20 a 74 anos e a duração da doença variou de 3 a 25 anos. Manifestações respiratórias, tegumentares e linfáticas foram predominantes. Catorze deles desenvolveram Cor pulmonale, função renal alterada em 19, modificações eletrocardiográficas em 8 e atividade hiporeatora adrenal em 13 dos 20 casos estudados. A análise radiológica revelou lesões designadas: leve em 16; moderada em 24 e grave em 18 que à evolução evidenciaram: manutenção e piora, respectivamente, em 35 e em 23 deles. As provas funcionais respiratórias mostraram: espirografia normal em 17; obstrutivo em 32 e misto em 9 doentes. O espaço morto foi superior a 35% em 25 e a ventilação alveolar minuto estava elevada em 54. A diferença alvéolo-arterial de Oxigênio estava aumentada em todos. A análise estatística revelou associação significativa entre radiologia: evolução radiológica e a função pulmonar. A Pbmicose em doentes tabagistas inveterados conduziu ao enfisema, enquanto que as modificações alvéolo-arteriais anoxêmicas propiciaram a disseminação da Doença de Lutz.

Detecção da citotoxicidade de materiais biocompatíveis nas linhagens celulares MRC-5, HeLa e RC-IAL

A sensibilidade de uma linhagem celular diplóide e duas heteroplóides, para a detecção de citotoxicidade através do método de difusão em camada de ágar sobre culturas celulares, foi avaliada experimentalmente com solução de ácido ascórbico em diferentes concentrações e, na prática, frente a 562 amostras de 21 diferentes materiais industriais enviados para análise na Seção de Culturas Celulares do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A linhagem celular heteroplóide designada RC-IAL apresentou, em relação às linhagens MRC-5 e HeLa, maior sensibilidade porque revelou a presença de efeito citotóxico nas menores concentrações utilizadas (10 e 25 ug/ml) do ácido ascórbico e apresentou maior diâmetro do halo citotóxico em 15 amostras e igual diâmetro em 16 das 43 amostras (7,6%) que resultaram positivas. Nas 43 amostras positivas, a linhagem MRC-5 não revelou citotoxicidade em 3 amostras de espuma e 1 de resina acrílica. O polivinilcloreto (PVC) e o polietileno, raramente revelaram positividade, enquanto plástico, algodão e resinas acrílicas revelaram citotoxicidade ao redor de 5%. Em vista dos resultados é discutida a proposta da utilização da linhagem RC-IAL e HeLa para a continuidade das futuras análises solicitadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz

Sorovares de Leptospira interrogans isolados de casos de leptospirose humana em São Paulo, Brasil

Sorovares de Leptospira interrogans isolados de pacientes hospitalizados na cidade de São Paulo no período de 1986 a 1989, foram identificados pela técnica de absorção de aglutininas no Setor de Leptospirose do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo. Das 18 cepas sorotipadas, 14 foram idênticas ao sorovar copenhageni (sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae), 2 ao canicoia (sorogrupo Canicola), 1 ao castellonis (sorogrupo Ballum) e 1 ao sorogrupo Pomona (sorovar ainda não definido). Os autores ressaltam a freqüência do sorovar copenhageni em 100% das cepas dentro do sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae e sugerem mais estudos sobre os sorovares prevalentes em nosso meio como subsídio à epidemiologia desta zoonose

Sedimentation in parasitological coproscopy

A sedimentation technique is described, in which a fecal suspension is placed on top of an aqueous sucrose solution of specific gravity 1.015 g/cm³. Using 100 by 15 mm test tubes, duplicate gravity sedimentation experiments were made using homogenized fecal suspensions (single-columns) and fecal suspensions placed on top of clear columns (double-columns). Egg- and cyst-counts, and turbidity determinations were made in the sediments obtained after definite time intervals. Most Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Ancylostomidae eggs sedimented within 20 minutes in single - and between 30 and 60 minutes in double-columns. Giardia duodenalis cysts required longer periods to sediment in double - than in single-columns; after 180 minutes (the maximum period of observation), double-column sediments produced 60.0% of the counts of single-columns. Double-column sediments were consistently less turbid than single-column ones

Parasitismo por Cryptosporidium sp. em crianças com diarréia aguda

No período de agosto de 1987 a julho de 1990, examinaram-se, na Seção de Enteroparasitoses do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 241 amostras de fezes de crianças, com idade variável entre 1 e 48 meses, que apresentavam episódio agudo de diarréia e foram atendidas no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Quarenta e duas (17,43%) amostras revelaram a presença de Cryptosporidium sp. após coloração por fucsina-carbólica. O achado de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. foi mais freqüente no período compreendido pelos meses de março a maio. Os autores discutem as associações entre Cryptosporidium sp. e outros agentes diarréicos.

Stool examination and rectal biopsy in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy of schistosomiasis mansoni

From each of a group of 217 adult males selected through enzyme-immunoassay or skin-test (Group A), six stool samples were examined by both the Lutz/Hoffman, Pons & Janer (Lutz/HPJ) and Kato/Katz methods. In addition, one oogram of the rectal mucosa was performed. By these methods, schistosomiasis was detected in 44.7%, 47.5% and 40.1% of the individuals respectively. To evaluate the methods in the assessment of cure, the last 40 patients from group A, treated with a single oral dose of oxamniquine at 15 mg/kg were followed up for six months (Group B). The criteria for parasitological cure included three stool examinations by Kato/Katz and Lutz/HPJ methods, one, three and six months post-treatment and a rectal biopsy between the fourth and sixth months post-treatment. The examinations were negative in 87.5%, 90% and 95% of the patients, respectively. The efficacy of oxamniquine was 82.5% when the three methods were considered together and there was no statistically significant difference between the sensitivity of the individual methods.

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolated from AIDS patients and the criteria required for its implication in disease

Before the AIDS pandemia, the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was responsible in most cases for the pneumopathies that attack patients with basic chronic pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis36. In 1981, with the advent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), MAC started to represent one of the most frequent bacterial diseases among AIDS patients, with the disseminated form of the disease being the major clinical manifestation of the infection8. Between January 1989 and February 1991, the Section of Mycobacteria of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, isolated MAC from 103 patients by culturing different sterile and no-sterile processed specimens collected from 2304 patients seen at the AIDS Reference and Training Center and/or Emilio Ribas Infectology Institute. Disseminated disease was diagnosed in 29 of those patients on the basis of MAC isolation from blood and/or bone marrow aspirate. The other 74 patients were divided into categories highly (5), moderately (26) and little suggestive of disease (43) according to the criteria of DAVIDSON (1989)10. The various criteria for MAC isolation from sterile and non-sterile specimens are discussed.

Occurence of Giardia lamblia in children of municipal day-care centers from Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil

Considering that the number of day-care centers for pre-school-age children has expanded rapidly in developing countries, and that these institutions presenting conditions that facilitate the transmission of many enteric agents, a parasitological survey was carried out in three municipal day-cares from Botucatu: two in the urban area (one in downtown area and the other one in the city periphery area) and the third in the rural area. Three separate stool specimens were collected from 147 children ranging from 0 to 72 months old and 20 staff members. Each stool specimen was processed by Lutz and zinc sulfate flotation methods. The frequency of giardiasis observed among children of downtown, periphery and rural day-cares was 69.6%, 52.7% and 69.6%, respectively. Only one employee was positive for G. lamblia. The examination of three stool specimens increased the positivity for G. lamblia: from the ninety three final positive examinations, 24 (25.5%) and 8 (8.5%) were positives only after examination of the second and third samples, respectively. Others intestinal organisms like Ascaris lumbricoides (20.4%), Trichuris trichiura (19.0%). Hymenolepis nana (8.8%), Entamoeba coli (22.4%) and Blastocystis hominis (32.0%) were frequently found in the children. There was no significant association among localization of the day-cares, sex of the children and the levels of G. lamblia infection. According to the age, G. lamblia was found mainly in children between 12 to 47 months old.

The role of Public Health Laboratory in the problem os salmonellosis in São Paulo, Brazil

From 1950 to 1990 a total of 45,862 strains (31,517 isolates from human sources, and 14,345 of non-human origin) were identified at Instituto Adolfo Lutz. No prevalence of any serovars was seen during the period 1950-66 among human sources isolates. Important changing pattern was seen in 1968, when S. Typhimurim surprisingly increased becoming the prevalent serovar in the following decades. During the period of 1970-76, S. Typhimurium represented 77.7% of all serovars of human origin. Significant rise in S. Agona isolation as well as in the number of different serovars among human sources strains were seen in the late 70' and the 80's. More than one hundred different serovars were identified among non-human origin strains. Among serovars isolated from human sources, 74.9%, 15.5%, and 3.7% were recovered from stool, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, respectively. The outbreak of meningitis by S. Grumpensis in the 60's, emphasizes the concept that any Salmonella serovars can be a cause of epidemics, mainly of the nosocomial origin. This evaluation covering a long period shows the important role of the Public Health Laboratory in the surveillance of salmonellosis, one of the most frequent zoonosis in the world.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae as etiological agents of conjunctivitis outbreaks in the region of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

In the study of conjunctivitis outbreaks occurring from September 1994 to September 1996 in the region of Ribeirão Preto, conjunctival exudates of 92 patients were cultivated in Instituto Adolfo Lutz Laboratory I, Ribeirão Preto. Most cases occurred in the age range 2-7 years. The etiological agents which were most frequently isolated from the analyzed cases were: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, in 40.22% and 21.74%, respectively. 51.35% of the S. pneumoniae isolated strains were not typable. The oxacillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains were submitted to the minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) and three of them presented intermediate resistance, whereas only one was highly resistant to penicillin.