Comparative analysis of the tissue inflammatory response in human cutaneous and disseminated leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent clinical form of tegumentary leishmaniasis and is characterised by a single or a few ulcerated skin lesions that may disseminate into multiple ulcers and papules, which characterise disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). In this study, cells were quantified using immunohistochemistry and haematoxylin and eosin staining (CD4+, CD68+, CD20+, plasma cells and neutrophils) and histopathology was used to determine the level of inflammation in biopsies from patients with early CL, late CL and DL (ulcers and papules). The histopathology showed differences in the epidermis between the papules and ulcers from DL. An analysis of the cells present in the tissues showed similarities between the ulcers from localised CL (LCL) and DL. The papules had fewer CD4+ T cells than the DL ulcers. Although both CD4+ cells and macrophages contribute to inflammation in early CL, macrophages are the primary cell type associated with inflammation intensity in late ulcers. The higher frequency of CD20+ cells and plasma cells in lesions demonstrates the importance of B cells in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. The number of neutrophils was the same in all of the analysed groups. A comparison between the ulcers from LCL and DL and the early ulcers and papules shows that few differences between these two clinical forms can be distinguished by observing only the tissue.

Host genetic factors in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of Brazil

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year. In Brazil, ACL represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Corte de Pedra is in a region endemic for ACL in the state of Bahia (BA), northeastern Brazil, with 500-1,300 patients treated annually. Over the last decade, population and family-based candidate gene studies were conducted in Corte de Pedra, founded on previous knowledge from studies on mice and humans. Notwithstanding limitations related to sample size and power, these studies contribute important genetic biomarkers that identify novel pathways of disease pathogenesis and possible new therapeutic targets. The present paper is a narrative review about ACL immunogenetics in BA, highlighting in particular the interacting roles of the wound healing gene FLI1 with interleukin-6 and genes SMAD2 and SMAD3 of the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway. This research highlights the need for well-powered genetic and functional studies on Leishmania braziliensis infection as essential to define and validate the role of host genes in determining resistance/susceptibility regarding this disease.

Discrepancies between Aedes aegypti identification in the field and in the laboratory after collection with a sticky trap

Currently, sticky traps are regularly employed to assist in the surveillance of Aedes aegypti infestation. We tested two alternative procedures for specimen identification performed by local health agents: directly in the field, as recommended by certain manufacturers, or after transportation to the laboratory. A total of 384 sticky traps (MosquiTRAP) were monitored monthly during one year in four geographically representative Brazilian municipalities. When the same samples were inspected in the field and in the laboratory, large differences were noted in the total number of mosquitoes recorded and in the number of specimens identified as Ae. aegypti by both procedures. Although field identification has the potential to speed vector surveillance, these results point to uncertainties in the evaluated protocol.

The microbiological signature of human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions exhibits restricted bacterial diversity compared to healthy skin

Localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is the most common form of cutaneous leishmaniasis characterised by single or multiple painless chronic ulcers, which commonly presents with secondary bacterial infection. Previous culture-based studies have found staphylococci, streptococci, and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in LCL lesions, but there have been no comparisons to normal skin. In addition, this approach has strong bias for determining bacterial composition. The present study tested the hypothesis that bacterial communities in LCL lesions differ from those found on healthy skin (HS). Using a high throughput amplicon sequencing approach, which allows for better populational evaluation due to greater depth coverage and the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology pipeline, we compared the microbiological signature of LCL lesions with that of contralateral HS from the same individuals.Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,Fusobacterium and other strict or facultative anaerobic bacteria composed the LCL microbiome. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria found in HS, including environmental bacteria, were significantly decreased in LCL lesions (p < 0.01). This paper presents the first comprehensive microbiome identification from LCL lesions with next generation sequence methodology and shows a marked reduction of bacterial diversity in the lesions.

Anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in Manaus

Salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar Anopheles darlingi Root were examined from multiple locations in the Brazilian Amazon. Minor modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. These included changes to the breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3 and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. A total of 18 inversions on the X (n = 1) chromosome, chromosome 2 (n = 7) and 3 (n = 11) were scored for 83 individuals from Manaus, Macap�� and Porto Velho municipalities. The frequency of 2Ra inversion karyotypes in Manaus shows significant deficiency of heterozygotes (p < 0.0009). No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between inversions on chromosome 2 and 3. We hypothesize that at least two sympatric subpopulations exist within the An. darlingi population at Manaus based on inversion frequencies.

A forma����o da enfermeira na perspectiva da educa����o: reflex��es e desafios para o futuro

O presente artigo se prop��e a apresentar uma reflex��o sobre a forma����o da enfermeira na ��tica de educadores, fil��sofos e estudiosos contempor��neos. Foram utilizados os referenciais de Moacir Gadotti, Edgar Morin e Philippe Perrenoud, bem como os quatro pilares da educa����o contempor��nea, apresentados no Relat��rio Delors. A ado����o de ferramentas como, aprender a conhecer, aprender a fazer, aprender a viver juntos e aprender a ser, bem como a abordagem por compet��ncias, s��o instrumentos indispens��veis �� forma����o do profissional do mundo moderno. Acredita-se que ao serem incorporadas estas novas dimens��es �� forma����o da enfermeira, se desvelar��o os n��s a serem superados na conforma����o de um profissional de Enfermagem cr��tico, competente e agente de transforma����o social.

Um olhar paradigm��tico sobre a Assist��ncia de Enfermagem: um caminhar para o cuidado complexo

O texto aborda os paradigmas cartesiano (moderno) e o da complexidade (p��s-moderno de Edgar Morin) objetivando aprofundar a reflex��o sobre o tema e a compreens��o do modo de assistir predominante na enfermagem. Para tanto, as autoras p��em em discuss��o o modelo de assist��ncia de enfermagem pautado no paradigma cartesiano definindo-o como produtor de uma assist��ncia autorit��ria, fragmentada e linear. Apontam a necessidade de repensar esse modelo pelo fato de restringir a autonomia das pessoas/pacientes, caminhando na dire����o de um assistir pautado na complexidade, que proporciona condi����es de participa����o dos clientes/atores no planejamento dos cuidados �� sua sa��de.

A educa����o em enfermagem �� luz do paradigma da complexidade

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram reconhecer, interpretar e discutir temas oriundos dos discursos de docentes de um Curso de Gradua����o em Enfermagem, como fontes orientadoras para um ensino-aprendizagem humanizado, �� luz da Teoria da Complexidade defendida por Edgar Morin. Tratase de pesquisa qualitativa, tipo explorat��ria e anal��tica. Buscou-se verificar princ��pios do paradigma da complexidade por meio da an��lise de conte��do, modalidade tem��tica , em discursos de onze docentes, obtidos no ano de 2004. Os temas encontrados foram: ensinar: responsabilidade do docente; unir saberes: liga����es e interrela����es para o enfrentamento da realidade; ensinar a complexidade humana; estimular a criatividade e a curiosidade; enfrentar as incertezas: construindo o conhecimento cont��nuo e din��mico da vida; viver o processo ensino-aprendizagem por meio da transdisciplinaridade e ensinar a cidadania. Este estudo nos mostrou que �� poss��vel fazer acontecer um ensino superior pautado na condi����o humana, na solidariedade e na interliga����o dos saberes.

O ensino do cuidar na Gradua����o em Enfermagem sob a perspectiva da complexidade

Trata-se de estudo que destaca o ensino do cuidar na Gradua����o em Enfermagem sob a perspectiva da Complexidade, defendida e pesquisada por Edgar Morin. Optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando a An��lise de Conte��do Tem��tica. Realizaram-se doze entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, tendo como cen��rio uma universidade particular da cidade de S��o Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre 2004 e 2005, a partir da quest��o norteadora. A an��lise dos dados conduziu para as seguintes categorias, aqui denominadas de Sinalizadores Pedag��gicos Complexos, que deram sentido ao significado de cuidar complexo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os entrevistados perceberam e expressaram o cuidar sens��vel em enfermagem, relacionando e inter-relacionando as partes ao todo e o todo ��s partes, aproximando-se de um cuidar complexo.

Managers' perspective on continuous health education in a region of S��o Paulo State

OBJECTIVEAnalysing the concepts of Continuous Health Education - CHE (EPS - in Portuguese), operated by municipal managers and translated into official documents.METHODQualitative research with the use of official documents and semi-structured interviews with the Municipal Health Secretaries or Coordinators of Primary Health Care in the Northeast Region of S��o Paulo State, and thematic analysis of empirical material.RESULTSResults indicate difficulties in the municipalities problematizing their management practices, services and health care; EPS tools presented are insufficient and unsatisfactory for amending the array of problems raised and are still far from the routine of Primary Care services.CONCLUSIONDespite efforts to implement EPS actions for the strengthening of primary care, the process appears to be incipient.

Primeiro registro de Psychodopygus lloydi (Antunes) (Diptera, Psychodidae) no Estado do Paran��, Sul do Brasil

O presente trabalho relata pela primeira vez a coleta de Psychodopygus lloydi no Estado do Paran��, Regi��o Sul do Brasil, na divisa com o Estado de Santa Catarina. Os esp��cimes foram capturados no Munic��pio de S��o Mateus do Sul, usando armadilhas de Falc��o, na margem e no interior de mata, em n��vel de solo e copa, respectivamente, entre as 18 e 6 horas. O resultado deste trabalho contribui para o avan��o do conhecimento da distribui����o geogr��fica dos flebotom��neos no Brasil.

New species and records of Chimarra Stephens (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae) from Central Amazonia, Brazil

Chimarra (Curgia) paucispina sp. nov., of the aurivittata group Flint, 1998 is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Amazonas State. The key to species of Chimarra (Curgia) Walker, 1860 presented by Flint was modified to include the new species. Chimarra (Chimarrita) chela Blahnik, 1997 and Chimarra (Curgia) jugescens Flint, 1998 are for first time reported for the Amazonas State. This is the first record of C. chela in Brazil.

O g��nero Megacyllene s. str. Casey (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) na Mata Atl��ntica: descri����o de duas esp��cies in��ditas, chave para identifica����o e novas ocorr��ncias

O g��nero Megacyllene (s. str.) Casey (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) na Mata Atl��ntica: descri����o de duas esp��cies in��ditas, chave para identifica����o e novas ocorr��ncias. Na Mata Atl��ntica ocorrem vinte e cinco esp��cies de Megacyllene (s. str.) Casey, 1912. Esp��cies novas descritas: M. globosa sp. nov. de Arapongas, Paran��, Brasil e M. guarani sp. nov. do San Estanislao, San Pedro, Paraguai. Megacyllene (Megacyllene) insignita (Perroud, 1855) �� revalidada. Chave para esp��cies da Mata Atl��ntica e novos registros de ocorr��ncia para 12 esp��cies s��o fornecidos.

Host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America

Host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America. This paper offers a contribution to the knowledge on host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America. A total of 211 species of longhorn beetles belonging to 111 genera, 49 tribes, five subfamilies and two families are presented with records of host plants. Data on 259 species of host plants distributed among 188 genera and 69 families are listed with the beetle species.

Rela����es entre o conhecimento de agricultores e de ped��logos sobre solos: estudo de caso em Rio Pardo de Minas, MG

Um dos desafios para constru����o de modelos agr��colas que se referenciam pela sustentabilidade �� a utiliza����o de conhecimentos cient��ficos adequados a singulares situa����es sociais. Para isso, �� necess��rio considerar saberes acumulados por agricultores no espa��o e no tempo. No caso do recurso 'solos', pouco desse saber �� considerado no ensino em ci��ncia do solo e nos trabalhos de pedologia. Por isso, a aplica����o de tecnologias geradas com base no conhecimento cient��fico �� limitada quando destinada a grupos tradicionais, principalmente pela n��o-adequa����o ��s necessidades por eles reconhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma abordagem integrada entre os saberes de ped��logos e de agricultores, utilizando-se a hierarquiza����o de ambientes no Cerrado pelos agricultores como ferramenta para compreender as bases sob as quais essa rela����o pode ocorrer. O estudo baseou-se em caracter��sticas ambientais e sociais da Comunidade ��gua Boa 2, em Rio Pardo de Minas (MG), onde, por trabalho de campo, foi poss��vel analisar a terminologia local e, assim, descrever os ambientes, classificar as terras e constituir di��logos acerca do ambiente do Cerrado e dos solos.