Argilas como catalisadores verdes na esterificação do colesterol: caracterização espectroscópica e identificação de polimorfos por métodos de análise térmica. Uma proposta laboratorial interdisciplinar para o 1º ciclo universitário

A laboratory experiment that enables the professor to introduce the problematic of sustainable development in pharmaceutical chemistry to undergraduate students is proposed, using a simple synthetic procedure. Cholesteryl acetate is prepared by the esterification of cholesterol using Montmorillonite K10 as heterogeneous catalyst. Cholesterol and cholesteryl acetate are characterized by spectroscopic (¹H RMN, 13C RMN, FTIR) and thermal analysis techniques. The thermal methods are used to introduce the concepts of polymorphism and the nature of mesophases.

Heteropentámeros (etanol)4-agua: estudio estructural y termodinámico

Stochastic exploration of the potential energy surface of (ethanol)4-water heteropentamers through simulated annealing calculations was used to find probable structures of these clusters. Subsequent geometry optimization with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approach of these initial structures led to 13 stable heteropentamers. The strength of the hydrogen bonds of the type O"H-O (primary) and their spatial arrangements seem to be responsible for the geometric preferences and the high stability of these heteropentamers. This result is a consequence of the presence of the cooperative effects among such interactions. There is no significant influence of the secondary hydrogen bonds (C"H-O) on the stability of the heteropentamers.

Desenvolvimento, caracterização e aplicação eletroanalítica de um compósito fluido de adesivo epóxi, grafite e ciclo-hexanona

A fluid conducting composite material prepared from graphite powder, commercial epoxy resin Araldite®, and cyclohexanone has been developed. The composition was optimized considering the mechanical properties as conductivity and adhesiveness using response surface methodology. This work employed cyclic voltammetry and amperometry to investigate the characteristics of such composite electrodes without and with the insertion of Prussian blue in the electrode body (bulk modified electrode). The composite electrodes were also successfully used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0V vs Ag/AgCl.

Condições de equilíbrio termodinâmico: a função disponibilidade

The thermodynamic equilibrium is a state defined by conditions which depend upon some characteristics of the system. It requires thermal, mechanical, chemical and phase equilibrium. Continuum thermodynamics, its radical restriction usually called homogeneous processes thermodynamics, as well as the classical thermodynamic science of reversible processes, each of them defines equilibrium in a differing way. But these definitions lead to the same physical contents.

Influência das características físico-químicas dos solos no ciclo hidrobiogeoquímico do mercúrio na região do Rio Aracá - AM

The region of Aracá River (Middle and Upper Rio Negro-AM) has peculiar characteristics, having soils with atypical profile and high organic matter contents in great deep. The levels of aluminum and iron in the soil samples increased as a function of depth and concentrations of mercury ranged from 0.097 to 0.964 µg g-1. Statistical analysis showed the degree of similarity between soil samples collected. The highest concentrations of mercury in soil samples are directly related to soil higher content of organic matter, directly influencing the fate and bioavailability of mercury species to the environment.

Bases moleculares da ação anti-inflamatória dos ácidos oleanólico e ursólico sobre as isoformas da ciclo-oxigenase por docking e dinâmica molecular

The triterpenoids oleanolic (OA) and ursolic (UA) acids show non-selective antiinflamatory activity in vitro for cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms. 3D conformations of OA and UA, with three possible orientations (1, 1' and 2) in the active site of isoforms COX, obtained by docking, were submitted to molecular dynamics. The results show that orientation 2 of the OA in COX-2 is more favorable because orientation 1 moved away from the active site. The carboxylate group of OA interact by hydrogen bonds with Ser353 and with Phe357 and Leu359, mediated by water, while hydroxyl in C-3 interact by hydrogen bond, mediated by water, with Tyr385.

Dinâmica oscilatória em sistemas contendo bromato e 1,4-ciclo-hexanodiona em meio ácido: I. Efeito da temperatura

We present in this work the influence of temperature on the dynamics of homogeneous chemical systems containing bromate and 1,4-cyclohexanedione (1,4-CHD) in acidic media. In particular, the following systems were studied: bromate/1,4-CHD/acid, bromate/1,4-CHD/ferroin/acid and bromate/1,4-CHD/trisbipyridine ruthenium/acid. Investigations were carried out by means of an electrochemical probe, at five temperatures between 5 and 45 °C. Activation energies (Ea) were estimated in different ways for the pre-oscillatory and oscillatory regimes. In any case, the Ea was found to depend on the catalyst, composition and initial concentrations. In addition, it was observed that ferroin and trisbipyridine ruthenium act as catalysts only during the transition between the induction period and oscillatory regime.

Remoção de cromo (VI) de soluções aquosas utilizando o compósito magnético calcinado hidrotalcita-óxido de ferro: estudo cinético e de equilíbrio termodinâmico

In this work, hydrotalcite, a layered double hydroxide, had its ion exchange properties combined with the magnetic properties of iron oxide to produce a magnetic adsorbent, HT-Fe 500. These magnetic composites can be used as adsorbents for anionic contaminants in water and subsequently removed from the medium by a simple magnetic process. Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using HT-Fe 500 was achieved using batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption capacity, calculated with the Langmuir-Freundlich model showed to be dependent on temperature, reaching values of 25.93 and 48.31 mg g-1, respectively, for temperatures of 25 and 30 ºC.

Da escassez ao estresse do planeta: um século de mudanças no ciclo do nitrogênio

Heavy metals and pesticides are usually associated with the main problems humankind has created in the natural environment. However, compounds with characteristics of essential macronutrients are causing serious environmental changes that could intensify, compromising the diversity of life on the planet. This is the case of nitrogen compounds, produced by industrial processes for use in intensive agriculture in addition to those unwittingly produced from human activities, available in excess in the environment. These compounds warrant greater attention from researchers in various fields of knowledge and public agencies for environmental control, toward minimizing their availability in the environment, thereby returning conditions closer to the natural environmental balance of the planet.

Remoção de compostos fenólicos de soluções aquosas utilizando carvão ativado preparado a partir do aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes): estudo cinético e de equilíbrio termodinâmico

Activated carbon was produced from the water hyacinth (CAA) by impregnation with ZnCl2 (1:2), followed by pyrolysis at 700 ºC, under N2. CAA was used for the adsorption of phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol from aqueous solutions, using batch adsorption. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature and concentration on sorption were investigated. Adsorption capacity, calculated using the Langmuir model proved to be dependent on temperature, reaching values of 163.7, 130.2 and 142.3 mg g-1 for phenol, m-cresol and o-cresol, respectively, at 45 ºC. Thermodynamic data at the solid-liquid interface suggests an endothermic, spontaneous and environmentally-friendly process.

ESTRATEGIA DE DOBLE CICLO DE SUPERVISIÓN CLÍNICA PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD DOCENTE EN LA UNIVERSIDAD. PUNTO DE VISTA DEL PROFESORADO NOVEL

This work describes a mentorship experience. Mentorship of novice teachers by experienced teachers is an important aspect in training teachers for universities. The strategy followed in this work consisted of a double improvement cycle (or clinical supervision cycle), based on the use of recordings of classes. Each of these cycles included planning, recording, viewing and analysis. Conclusions were reached in a final meeting after video analysis. In order to systematize the viewing, analysis and assessment of the videos, an observation test was employed. Class planning, contents, methodology, and verbal and nonverbal communication skills were evaluated using the test.

ESTUDO DA GLICOSILAÇÃO DO CICLO-HEXANOL COM DIFERENTES DERIVADOS DE D-GLICOSAMINA E PROMOTORES DE GLICOSILAÇÃO PELO MÉTODO DE KOENIGS-KNORR

We report herein a study on the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with four D-glucosamine-based peracetylated glycosyl chlorides bearing different substituents at C-2 and three glycosylation promoters, silver carbonate, silver triflate and mercury II chloride/mercury II oxide, by the Koenigs-Knorr method. Under the conditions studied, glycosylation was successful only when 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride was used as the glycosyl donor, with silver carbonate proving the best promoter. In order to investigate the influence of the nature of the halogen at C-1, we also carried out the glycosylation of cyclohexanol with 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide, a more reactive glycosyl donor. As expected, the yield with the bromide derivative was higher with the three promoters and, again, silver carbonate was the most efficient promoter. Finally, to illustrate the well-known efficient procedure for conversion of the phtalimido group at C-2 to the corresponding acetamido group, cyclohexyl 3,4,6-tri-O -acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phtalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside was converted into cyclohexyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-β-D-glucopyranoside in two steps, namely, hydrazinolysis of the phtalimido group followed by chemoselective acetylation of the free amino group by treatment with acetic anhydride in methanol, at 77% overall yield.

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de genótipos de soja do ciclo precoce/médio em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar porcentagem de germinação, vigor, sanidade de sementes e produtividade de 18 linhagens de soja (Glycine max). O ensaio de campo foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Capim Branco da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 18 tratamentos, constituídos pelos genótipos de soja. Os genótipos UFV94-426803 e BR92-06665 apresentaram a maior e a menor porcentagem de germinação (96 e 69%, respectivamente). Essa variável correlacionou-se positivamente com o vigor das sementes (r= +0,79), e negativamente com a incidência de Fusarium semitectum, Phomopsis sojae e Colletotrichum dematium (r= -0,33, -0,39, e --0,26, respectivamente). As linhagens CSP-5 e BR93-6957 apresentaram, respectivamente, o maior (90) e o menor (54,5) vigor das sementes. Houve correlação positiva do vigor das sementes com a produtividade de grãos (r= +0,59), e negativa com a incidência de F. semitectum e P. sojae (r= -0,36 e --0,60, respectivamente). Verificou-se uma incidência de 47 e 9% de F. semitectum, respectivamente, para os genótipos FT-2002 e CSP-5. Os genótipos BR93-6957 e UFV94-426803 apresentaram, respectivamente, 49,7 e 2,1% de incidência de P. sojae e 'CSP-2' foi o genótipo que apresentou a maior incidência de C. dematium, (3,8%). 'FT-2001' e 'UFV94-1896' apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior (3,9 t/ha) e a menor (2,48 t/ha) produtividade de grãos. Houve correlação negativa dessa variável com a incidência de P. sojae (r= -0,44). As cultivares BR-16 e OCEPAR-3 apresentaram valores intermediários para todas variáveis avaliadas, embora não tenham diferido significativamente dos demais genótipos avaliados nesse ensaio.

Escala diagramática para a quantificação do complexo de doenças foliares de final de ciclo em soja

A ocorrência das doenças foliares de final de ciclo em soja (Glycine max) causadas pelos fungos Septoria glycines e Cercospora kikuchii é facilmente observada no campo. Entretanto, são necessárias informações precisas sobre a quantificação de danos e perdas na produtividade. A falta de um método padrão de quantificação visual para essas doenças pode levar a estimativas imprecisas da severidade das mesmas, induzindo a conclusões erradas. Com o objetivo de elaborar uma escala diagramática para quantificar a severidade dessas doenças, foram coletadas em campo, folhas apresentando diferentes níveis de severidade. A área de cada folha e sua correspondente severidade foram determinadas e, obedecendo-se a "Lei do estímulo de Weber-Fechner", foi elaborada uma escala com os níveis de severidade de doença: 2,4; 15,2; 25,9; 40,5 e 66,6%. A validação foi realizada por nove avaliadores, sem experiência na avaliação das doenças de final de ciclo, os quais estimaram a severidade de 30 folhas de soja com sintomas destas doenças. A precisão das avaliações variou de acordo com o avaliador (0,84ciclo em soja.

Ciclo de vida de Heterodera glycines raça 9 em soja no Estado do Maranhão

O nematóide de cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines, causa consideráveis reduções de produtividade à cultura da soja. Ocorrem 11 raças do NCS no Brasil e, no Maranhão, há registro somente da raça 9. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer o ciclo de vida de uma população de H. glycines raça 9, em soja, sob condições de clima tropical. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação telada, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Soja, em Balsas, Maranhão. As médias de temperaturas neste período foram de 28,7 °C no solo e 31,7 °C no ar e a média da umidade relativa do ar foi de 49,8 %. Plântulas de soja BRS Sambaíba foram transplantadas para vasos contendo solo areno-argiloso infestado com 4000 ovos de H. glycines raça 9. Foram avaliados os números de fêmeas e de cistos por sistema radicular aos 17, 20, 23, 26, 29 e 32 dias após a infestação. O número médio de fêmeas por sistema radicular de soja aumentou significativamente entre o 17º e o 29º dia após a infestação do solo, diminuindo no 32º dia, quando começaram a surgir os primeiros cistos. Nas condições testadas, H. glycines raça 9 completou o ciclo de vida em 29 dias após a infestação do solo. Desta forma, é possível a ocorrência de 3 a 4 gerações do nematóide durante o ciclo da soja em Balsas, Maranhão.